Reform of WTO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reform of WTO - Essay Example As tha paper declares a corporation that pollutes a river into which it discharges wastes will be made to clean it up and to compensate those who have been harmed. The cost of keeping the environment clean becomes a part of the production cost. This can be enforced when there is a global authority to regulate pollution. Without global environment protection welfare cannot be maximized. This essay stresses that unconstrained globalization is likely to lead to economic efficiencies. The ruling elite have to care about the overall welfare otherwise they will out-compete countries that provide minimal conditions for their workers. According to Herman Daly when world production shifts to countries that do the poorest jobs, it reduces the efficiency of global production. The fear is that rich countries would use high standards to keep goods out of the poor countries. Instituting global standards is the only way to prevent an equally inhuman form of uncontrolled global capital. Trade and politics should be independent of each other. Governments may trade with other countries even while disapproving of their regimes. The US has attacked China for its human rights record while it expanded its trade with China. At times though, many trade deals are done with the governments. Transnational corporations arrange with governments for oil exploration, to cut timer and to fish. Th ey thus accept the government’s rights to sell the resources that lie within its border.

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Hamlet - Essay Example It seemed to me that he was different from Oedipus or Macbeth in that he did not jump into thoughtless action. I searched for the possible reasons for this and interrogated the differences in the notion of tragedy among these heroes. Apparently, Hamlet was different from the others because he was faced with serious domestic problems soon after he returned home from the University. The learned Prince took the world seriously and tried to comprehend it to the fullest, and to his utter dismay discovered that time was out of joint. I focused on the specific pattern in which Hamlet tried to discover the truth and the ways in which he tried to avoid action. I searched for the possible reasons for his ambivalent relationship with his mother Gertrude and lady love Ophelia, and a specific pattern evolved with which I could argue that Hamlet’s inaction did not show his inability, and that it was part a well thought out plan of action which the Prince had conceived. The paper revolves around the idea that Hamlet’s inaction was related to the careful study of the situation at hand which he had to resolve. It is argued that instead of jumping into thoughtless action like Oedipus or Macbeth, Hamlet took as much time as possible to interrogate the existential questions he was faced with and realized that the state of the world did not adhere to any idealistic notion. Hamlet’s quest for truth is not something that would lead to a happy state of affairs. He realizes that he is doomed to be a tragic hero whose actions can only result in irrevocable sorrow. The paper introduces the psychoanalytic readings that have established the possible reasons for the procrastination of Prince Hamlet and goes on to analyze the Apollonian and Dionysian traditions in the Greek culture. In this section, Hamlet is seen as possessing more of the Apollonian elements in contrast with Oedipus, who

Against Solar Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Against Solar Energy - Essay Example Solar energy is harnessed light and, heat from the sun converted in electricity. It has a wide range of uses e.g. heating of water, producing electricity, heating and lighting in buildings, industrial and commercial uses etc. But it also has an opposite side. Some people may say that it is the most effective compared to other types of energy because the light and heat are natural. However, they forget that solar energy is derived from sun. This means that without the sun, no energy can be available. Making of photovoltaic panels there are chemicals used. These chemicals are elements that are harmful to the environment. â€Å"Cadmium† and â€Å"Arsenic† harmful to the environment and can bring bad side effects to people. They require good disposal to avoid pollution of the environment. Solar energy system plants need a lot of space that could otherwise be used for other things. The area needed needs to be free from all sorts of objects that can obstruct light rays. This shows that it can be problematic to people who have small compounds especially the ones who live in cities. It leads to depletion of animal habitats. It is also true to say that production of solar energy is dependent. The operation and effectiveness of solar cells depends on a balanced mixture of some compounds. This mixture harness light energy and then takes it to another contact that works electrically. More so, the life span of organic solar cells in very short. It can only stay for only 5 years in commercial applications.

How employees react when facing organization change and what HR Dissertation

How employees react when facing organization change and what HR manager should do - Dissertation Example Thus business organisations to effectively exist in such a changing environment are required to incorporate newer changes or modifications and also to innovate in terms of processes and systems followed. However organisations in the course of rendering or incorporating such changes are found to gain relevant resistance from employee bodies. The paper in the above light tends to conduct a research relating to business sectors like automobile manufacturing, retail and information technology wherein through secondary and primary research activity it focuses on the different employee reactions to changes and needed management interventions thereof. Introduction Globalization along with worldwide competition has exerted great pressure on organizational leaders and managers for constantly adapting themselves and workforces to the changing business conditions and circumstances. Organizations are constantly exposed to the dynamic nature of the business world and frequent economic fluctuations. The organisations pertaining to the changes in the external social and economic environment require aptly changing or adjusting their internal structures and policies to rightly suit the external environmental changes. Organisations having failed to rightly adapt them to the external social and economic changes have thereby failed to withstand the demands emanating from its external structure and thereby faded away. Changes that tend to take place inside the organisation occur along different categories. Categories of inside organisational changes occur pertaining to changes in leadership or management style, to the introduction of new organisational perf ormance and technology policies and methodologies and also belong to the changes rendered in the existing organisational structure. It may also pertain to the changes in systems and policies brought about in terms of mobilising existing organisational resources for better performance. These types of organisational changes are required to be brought about in the light of changing social, political, legislative, economic and technological scenario in the external landscape of the concern. Internal changes within the concern also bear relation to the changes in the managerial structures inside the concern. New managers, policies or technological and infrastructural developments sought within the concern tend to have variegated impacts on the work-life relationships of organisational people at different levels. Changes within the existing organisational structure and policies are embraced by the managers employed both at middle and top level owing to future promises and expectations of better organisational performance in the related business sector. Thus with the help of changes

The Effective Communication For Investor Relations Commerce Essay

The Effective Communication For Investor Relations Commerce Essay Corporations worldwide work daily to increase the value of their stock for the investing public. In order to exploit this value, businesses must constantly make every effort to extensively communicate to their investors and potential investors. In view of this, investor relations are a vital part of business strategy, principally in the area of communication. Argenti (2009) says, While explaining financial results and giving guidance on future earnings are critical investor relations activities, companies today need to go beyond the numbers' (p. 203). Corporate departments involved with investor directions must make a necessary connection between efficient communication and company goals. Since communication is starting to play such an important role in investor relations, corporate communication programs are being created not only to participate in financial areas, but also to take part in media relations and other public communication. Ultimately, the best way for corporations to u nderstand communications for investor relations is to look at an overview of the investor relations function, know how to organize investor relations, learn about investor relations programs and be informed on investor relations advancements. Investor Relations Synopsis In the United States, the Boston Manufacturing Company, established in 1814, is foretold to be the first public company. As business increased and growth was desired, the owner chose to sale shares of the company stock to other businessmen (Laskin, 2009). Laskin (2009) states, The separation of management and ownership became the key pre-determining factor in the development of investor relations (p. 1). However, as long as the stock market and the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) have been a part of the business world, investor relations and communication have not been in effect. Argenti (2009) explains how communications to and from investors in the 1930s and 1940s were barely existent and unnecessary. Corporations were mainly concerned with disclosures required by the SEC, which left little reason for a corporate investor relations representative or department (Argenti, 2009). Midway through the 1900s modern-day investor relations began to surface in the corporate world. Poten tial investors and stockholders became more of a priority to businesses around 1960, which brought forth the creation of the National Investor Relations Institute (NIRI) (Hockerts and Moir, 2004). Hockert and Moir (2004) go on to say, The National Investor Relations Institute {NIRI), founded in the U.S. in 1969, was the first recognized professional [investor relations] body (p. 1). With the creation of the NIRI to communicate with management, investors and potential investors, corporations began to utilize modern technology and bring the investor relations function to the forefront of corporate communications. By the 1990s and the turn of the century, investor relations took-on a highly technological-based approach to investor communications. According to Jameson (2000), visual discourse became a major element in investor interactions. Visual discourse was effective for stimulating the response to good news for investors, and reducing the brunt of bad news. Jameson (2000) says, The most powerful forces that do this are the use of symbolism, the photographic depiction of the narrators, and the highlighting of key pieces of information (p. 1). Visual discourse through the use of the internet brought investor relations to an even greater height after the turn of the century; investor relations can now be found on a variety of platforms, locally and globally. Press ure from investors will always continue to mold the investor relations function. Many companies have already put into place a shareholder relations department. These departments will become even more common in the future as financial advisors and other professionals will influence and have high expectations for firms (Martson, 2008). Organizing Investor Relations Communications The significance of a business structure that effectively implements investor relations communication is vital, especially when handling worldwide operations. Goodman (1999) says that communication, especially external communication with investors, is imperative for corporate growth in an economy that is evidently based on information, instead of industrialization. Investors expect a high level of communication and candor from the companies that operate in their community (Goodman, 1999, p. 1). In order to fully employ the investor relations function through communications, entities must strive to adequately establish and organize interactions within an effective corporate communications department. Objectives Argenti (2009) emphasizes that the most important goal for a business seeking to implement successful communication should be to place the entity in a position to efficiently work for investors capital. According to Almazan, Banajeri and Motta (2008), management may be hesitant to fully reveal information, especially in situations where management decisions could be to blame for inadequate performance. However, businesses must seek to communicate information fully and honestly. Initially, companies should relay as much information as possible to investors and potential investors. Conger (2004) says The more you tell, the more you sell. The more a company makes investors aware of its existence, business and strategies, the more likely it is to increase sales of its stock. Making investors aware doesnt mean a spin campaign, but a program to communicate and educate investors about the companys market, its strengths and potential as an investment (p. 1). Next, Argenti (2009) stresses the need for publicly held companies to understand the appropriate expectations for the companys stock in the scope of earnings, trade and the market. These companies must also strive to lessen stock price instability (Argenti, 2009). The objective is for the investor relations department to fulfill the need for communications guidance in managements decision-making methods. To understand appropriate expectations for company stock and to decrease stock unpredictability, integration [of departments] is a more respected approach, with public relations leading the mix. Public relations drive strategy and execution (Capozzi, 2005, p. 1). In general, communication within investor affairs should seek to honestly maintain the publics view of an organization. Prasad and Mir (2002) underline four general objectives of shareholder relations: accurately present a corporations attitude, mold the identity of the corporation, justifying the established identity of the entity and keep safe the legitimacy of the company. These objectives should seek to provide transparent facts for investors. Kedem (2006) emphasizes the importance of presenting facts in context, instead of in a segregated manner. Kedem (2006) further clarifies that communication must fulfill the investors immediate need to become informed and take action (p. 1), as well as answer interpretation and what if? suppositions [that] may follow (p. 1). Investor relations officers should also be able to answer questions of Whats next? or What does this mean for me?' (Kedem, 2006, p. 1). Communication with Investor Types In such a broad business world, corporations are required to communicate with investors on every level. A wide range of investors need to be taken into consideration by firms so that the proper information is communicated to the correct investor or group of investors (Dolphin, 2003). The role of the investor relations function is to communicate effectively to both institutions shareholders and individual shareholders. A firm that is not dynamic in this aspect will unsuccessfully communicate with some current and potential investors. Marston (2008) explains how shareholder interactions from an institutional standpoint require more boundary spanning (p. 1) interactions by allowing greater efficiencies in message delivery and market impact (Argenti, 2009, p. 208). Conversely, individual investors ranked one-on-one meetings with investees and professionals as the most crucial way of communicating (Marston, 2008). In order to accomplish a well-rounded investor relations department, suffic ient communications to both individual and institutional investors will create closer links with investors, and can help a company in developing strategies that will be welcomed by shareholders; it is that strategic element of the role [of communication] that is at the core of [investor relations] (Dolphin, 2003, p. 1). Institutional investors. Communication with institutional investors is a critical part of any investor relations program. Institutions, such as insurance companies, are available to contribute much larger amounts of capital than a single person. Dolphin (2003) says there is great ease in moving large quantities of capital from market to market. Due to this ease of moving capital, and institutional investors holding more than 60% of Unites States equities in the 21st Century, firms have realized and acted on the significance of communicating with institutional investors. Also, institutional investors are often candidates for mergers and acquisitions. Investees must maintain investor relations departments in order to identify and target potential openings for big investors, mergers or acquisitions. Sirower and Lipin (2003) stress the necessity of excellent communication with institutional investors because of the potential risk of losing a major shareholder. Sirower and Lipin (2003) said Slick press releases and conference calls cannot save a bad deal, but a poorly conceived communications strategy can-and usually will-kill one that may make good strategic sense. Many of the biggest unsuccessful deals, as measured by post-announcement return to shareholders, have performed poorly in large part because the acquirers did not tell their story adequately (p. 1). Furthermore, interaction with institutional investors can be handled best by researching, then organizing institutions into groups or target audiences based on the characteristics of the entity (Argenti, 2009). Argenti (2009) notes: This kind of research will prevent the company from spending too much time communicating with uninterested investors (p. 209). An entity that spends time wisely on interested institutional investors is more likely to obtain more committed, corporate patrons. The responsibility of management is to bring in a qualified investor relations officer who can market shares of the company to these types of organizational investors (ADX Urges Listed Companies, 2009). Individual investors. Individual investors require a different type of communication than an institution typically requires. Many individual investors will be employees of the investee. These employees are investors through 401(k) plans or other company stock. Individual investors are many times directly communicated to through personal messages or one-on-one meetings (Tate, 2000). Tate (2000) explains that this personal communication is executed through one of two types of situations: prepared and interactive. Hanley (2008) says, Long gone are the days when [companies] should take an ad hoc approach to [investor relations], setting their chief financial officer in front of a microphone to read aloud from a quarterly earnings report (p. 1). Entities must carefully analyze whether communications will only be prepared and delivered, or if investors or the public will be given the chance to respond. Written statements or oral speeches are usually considered prepared situations where individuals are presented with information through memos, online forums or speeches (Tate, 2000). Tate (2000) also describes interactive situations: unique situations where problems or questions can be addressed live to a speaker. Interactive situations must be handled by a well-qualified and experienced executive or investor relations officer. Next, investor relations communications with individuals must be more of a hand-holding experience for the investor. Corporate backers invest on a different capital playing field than individuals, and therefore do call for identical treatment. Individuals identify a firm as legitimate if the investee to investor communication meets the entitys social responsibility of providing information (Cowden and Sellnow, 2002). Research has shown that individual investors look for similar or familiar communication functions seen of other renowned organizations. Before personally establishing an entity as legitimate, an individual shareholder also seeks justifiable management actions and necessary social standards of professional communication (Cowden and Sellnow, 2002). Ultimately, corporate relations with individual investors require adequate, available and honest information. Intermediaries Communication directly to institutional and individuals shareholders is only one method by which businesses pass information, updates and news. Argenti (2009) says that corporations also communicate indirectly through intermediaries such as sell-side agents and rating agencies. Sell-side agents cover stocks with certain industries and generate detailed research reports that offer recommendations (Argenti, 2009, p. 212). Rating agencies play a similar role to sell-side agents, but rating agencies place special emphasize on whether an investee is creditworthy (Argenti, 2009). Rating agencies will rate an entity on their ability to obtain, maintain and use debt. Virtually all firms depend on a constant flow of credit to carry them smoothly through the ups and downs of business fluctuations. It is entirely typical for lenders to get more cautious in a downturn, but freezing of credit is [a problem] (Colvin, Gray, Tkaczyk and Yi-Wyn, 2009, p. 1). Investors will look to intermediaries such as rating agencies to indirectly determine if an investee and investment is beneficial or detrimental. The media is also a commonly used intermediary by investees and investors. Investor relations departments may utilize the media especially when going through a crisis. One of the most important actions taken by a company going through a crisis is to use the media as an intermediary to satisfactorily relay information to a curious, concerned or affected public. Hasenfuss (2009) explains the frustration that occurs for investors or potential investors when information is delayed or never presented. Investor relations departments must use the media to communicate detailed explanations during important situations. A failure to do this will bring no closure to a companys current business-life. Denying the use of a media intermediary during an important situation may very well bring an organization to its final days (Hasenfuss, 2009). Communication through Investor Relations Programs Communication within investor affairs is most effective when implemented through investor relations programs. Depending on the size and the activities of the corporation, the investor relations program may be in-house and consist of only a few officers, or it may be entirely outsourced to public or financial relations firms (Argenti, 2009). Communication programs are necessary for the majority of businesses; they help to place market status of corporate stock in the hands of investors, as well as limit control of stock price by management (Coyle, n.d.). Furthermore, Coyle (n.d.) states that CEOs and their individual corporate investor relations programs must recognize that the market followings themselves are tiered; thus corporate advertising, direct mail and even telemarketing strategies can be beneficial (p. 1). These investor relations responsibilities are carried out through the establishment of investor relations programs. These programs help to connect the entity to society, a s well as build a line of proactive and reactive relationships with investors. Proactive Communication Proactive communication is necessary for companies seeking to add value to their stock. Proactively pursuing investors, especially valuable investors, is a key role of the investor relations program. A hands-on attitude is positive for increasing productivity of a firm, as well as constructively driving the decision-making process for management and investors (Hughes and Demetrious, 2006). Conger, 2004 explains If a company isnt proactive at all with its [investor relations] efforts, some investors are still bound to find it. But [many] investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦have a limited amount of time at their disposal. They will, therefore, invest in those companies they have heard of, are familiar with and can trust. When a company is willing to communicate, it decreases investors uncertainty and risk (p. 1). Argenti (2009) also adds that communication strategies should be intact for both expected and unexpected situation, such as mergers and crisis situations. A company that takes on a proactive communication role with investor relations is likely heading towards investee success. Reactive Communication Another important aspect of investor relations programs is reactive communication, which focuses on making use of investor responses, concerns, suggestions and preferences. One large petroleum company, Voyager Petroleum (2010), made a special effort to acquire Marmel Communications LLC, a well-equipped communications corporation. This business decision supported Voyagers desire to reach out for investor input. Voyager Petroleum (2010) announced, Our team is inviting all shareholders to [an] exclusive investor controlled forum. Our staff and members have requested that all Voyager Petroleum shareholders join our community and share their thoughts on the company, its development and future outlook (p. 1). The main benefit of a company choosing to practice this type of reactive communication is to understand the mindset of their investors in order to know where the company can change and improve. The corporate forum method used by Voyager for reactive communication is beneficial by prov iding an area for a wide variety of feedback on all aspects of the entity. Ettredge and Gerdes (2005) also support reactive communication through venues like website forums because investor and investee information is able to be presented in numerous forms, such as video, audio, pictures and text. Website forums also support multiple languages (Ettredge and Gerdes, 2005). Corporations that require their investor relations programs to use reactive communication will more quickly know the key to success. Investor Relations Advancement As technology advances, all aspects of the business world advance; this includes investor relations and communications. As manufacturing, information storage and many other areas of the corporate world advance, communications to investors also advance. Some companies seek to only become more efficient with familiar methods. Vahouny (2004) describes how companies can use modern-day automation to develop more effective communication through typical actions: using advertising, employee letters, collateral, client letters and press releases (p. 1). Also, Boyd and Boyd (2008) explain how advancements can be made by effectively carrying out other general practice such as shareholder votes, calls and letters. Some firms still advance in the area of presenting, recording and reposting speeches to investors (Boyd and Boyd, 2008). However, many modern-day businesses are advancing in investor communications directly by way of technology and the internet. Boyd and Boyd (2008) admit that communication such as speeches is becoming outdated, and that most similar methods of communication provide information or form, but rarely both. In general, the internet is taking over the investor relations function by offering convenient form and necessary information. Companies such as Chevron are combining investor relations, communications and marketing through the use of emails, blogs and social networking websites. Thompson (2009) says Chevron is among the many companies that not only hosts an official [investor relations] Twitter feed, but promotes it on the companys Media Resources page online. Chief Twitterer is Chevron media adviser Justin Higgs. Cisco is another company that hosts an [investor relations] presence on Twitter; the company has multiple Twitter sites, including ones such as CiscoGeeks and CiscoEvents (p. 1). Twitter is a social networking website where information is quickly and easily released live to the internet for millions to see on mobile phones, computers and other electronic devices. These companies also communicate to the public through Facebook, a social networking website available to anyone with an active email address (Thompson, 2009). Firms that are jumping on the technological bandwagon are advancing investor relations communications exponentially. For a corporate department that thrives on providing timely and accurate information, the internet has revolutionized, and will continue to revolutionize, the investor relations function. Conclusion In conclusion, publicly traded businesses make a great effort to add value to their entities in order to maximize the benefits received by the investing community. By taking every possible step to have the best communication with investors, corporations are increasing the value of their business and stock. In consideration of this, investor relations are understandably a major function of doing business, and a major function of corporate communication. Argenti (2009) states: As companies strive to maximize shareholder value, they must continually communicate their progress toward that goal to the investing public (p. 203). As companies strive in this direction, the relationship between meeting corporate objectives and communication must be comprehended. This understanding by some corporations has brought communications for investor relations to a stage where programs are being established to take-on the role of entire departments, such as public relations. In the end, businesses will best identify with communications in the context of investor relations by: looking at an overview of the investor relations function, knowing how to organize investor relations, learning about investor relations programs and being informed on investor relations advancements. Above all, Companies need to follow a communication strategy that includes a clear understanding of the companys objectives and a thorough analysis of all its constituencies so that appropriate messages can be crafted and delivered (Argenti, 2009, p. 222).

The Congress for New Urbanism and Environmental Awareness Essay

The Congress for New Urbanism and Environmental Awareness In the last two decades the New Urbanism movement has begun among planners, designers, and builders. Though it does not provide complete solutions to many of the environmental problems caused by human development, it shows a greater awareness of the undesirable and potentially destructive tendencies exhibited by conventional methods of design, planning and construction. Robert Davis, board chairman of the Congress for the New Urbanism, describes the problem of urban sprawl and development. "For five millennia, we have built towns and cities with strong centers and clear edges, beyond which lay farms and forests and lakes and streams. For five decades these clear edges have become increasingly ragged, and the centrifugal forces of sprawl have flung a strange collection of objects across the landscape. The strangest of these objects are large boxes with very specialized functions. They are connected to each other by swaths of asphalt and each is surrounded by a small sea of the same material. Their placement relative to each other and to the smaller boxes we live in is designed and planned for the maximum possible consumption of our time, and of energy in various forms, including human..."(http://www.cnu.org/nunjuly98.html). "Our monoculture development pattern started as a good idea to separate steel mills and slaughter houses from dwellings. Now we rigidly separate all uses: our homes, our workplaces, our children’s schools, the places we assemble. This not only ensures the maximum possible consumption of time and energy, it also separates us from each other" (http://www.cnu.org/nunjuly98.html). This is a design perspective based on aesthetics instead of enviro... ...d, watertables, or their conditions. Nor was their any specific mention of the use of natural recyclable or sustainable materials in construction. These facts make me aware that there needs to be more collaboration and sharing of knowledge between planners, designers, builders, and ecologists. If ecological concerns are not given consideration in development, ultimately all life forms will suffer. If biologists and ecologists do not understand the essential elements of economics and aesthetics in design when communicating their concerns, nothing will be done to correct current development trends until human health is severely effected. Works Cited CNU Update http://www.cnu.org/nunjuly98.html Environmental Building News http://www.ebuild.com/Archives/Other_ Beth Dunlop, Architectural Record Jan. 97, The New Urbanists The Second Generation, p.132-135

Elizabeth Barrett Browning Essay

Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett was born on 6th of March in year 1806, in Durham, England. Edward Moulton-Barrett was her father who spent most of his life in Jamaican sugar plantations but later in the year 1809 he moved to Hope End, which was a 500-acre estate near the Malvern Hills. This young girl had a tremendous childhood as she has eleven brothers and sisters, not only this she has her pony around the grounds with which she played all the time. Besides this she had a good nature and often visited other families in the neighborhood, as well as arranging family theatrical productions. Later in the year 1820, she faced numerous problems regarding her health, as doctors diagnosed that she has a cord problem in her stomach, which had seemed to break. Later on, the doctors found nothing wrong with her gynecological area, but still that mysterious illness was with her as she was long invalid, taking morphine for the pains for the rest of her life. Not only this, due to her drug habits she was facing such illness issues in her life at a very early stage of her life. Besides that problem in her life, in the year 1821 her mother died when she was 22 years old. After this incident Dr. Coker prescribed opium for a nervous disorder. At this point this young girl faced some severe problems but she continued her life. Since her childhood Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett was fond of writing poems. She spent most of her time in her room all alone, thinking and imagining different aspects of life and then reforming all those imaginations and start writing them as a poem. Initially her main source was her dog who also gave her company, as she was living all alone in her house. She called her dog â€Å"Flush† and later she also wrote a poem about her dog and in that poem she declared the fact that how her dog helped her out in her imagination as well as in her times when she was all alone. In the year 1844 her poems inspired numerous poets due to which in the year 1845 Robert Browning wrote his first letter to Elizabeth Barrett in which he enclosed one of the striking love story. Besides this it was also revealed that this letter belonged to the ‘fan mail’ category, this beautiful story was not just a story or poem but more than just poet-to-poet as through this Robert Browning declare the fact that â€Å"†¦ I do, as I say, love these books with all my heart — and I love you too. † (Helen Cooper, pg 18) Later in the year 1846 Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning got married, but they didn’t announce their marriage and kept it as a secret. In addition with this it was also declared that Robert Browning married Elizabeth Barrett only to have fame and wealth, numerous critics gave there analysts and points regarding this matter. (Helen Cooper, pg 3-22) ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING’S LIFE AS AN POET:- Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett is still prominent and highlighted as the most respected and successful woman poet of the Victorian period. She always looked forward to having a laureateship which she got in the year 1850. Since her school days she was fond of reading Shakespearian plays, parts of Pope’s Homeric translations, as well as passages from Paradise Lost. Besides this she was also fond of having deep knowledge of the histories of England, Greece, and Rome before the age of ten. We can declare that this lady was self-taught in almost every respect. In her teenage years she went through the Greek and Latin authors and always loved to read such kind of masterpieces. Her deep and sound knowledge of all the above mentioned things formed her work and writings magnificent. Nearly all her work reflected human rights. She wrote her first poem at the age of eight, her masterpiece is still praised and kept in the Berg Collection of the New York Public Library. She declared her initial poem as â€Å"The Battle of Marathon† which was published when she was just fourteen years of age. Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett later reformed the title and declared it as â€Å"Pope’s Homer done over again, or rather undone. † After this above-mentioned masterpiece she wrote another poem whish she declared as † Epic† at the age of twelve that was fundamentally a fusion of four masterpieces of rhyming couplets. Later at the age of twenty she met a blind, middle-aged scholar, who assisted her in strengthening her Greek styles and principles as well. During that time she noticed astonishing points in the Greek literature like Homer, Pindar, Aristophanes and several more. But this friendship and training remained for long. She declared her classic work that also covers many aspects of religion as â€Å"not the deep persuasion of the mild Christian but the wild visions of an enthusiast. † (Marjorie Stone, 322-325) Her family always attended several events in churches and always gave their services to them so did Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett by highlighting the Bible and Missionary societies point in her poems. In the year 1822 she started following scholarly and literary poets, giving this more of her time as well. Later in year 1838 her first volume was published, which reflected her mature thinking of imaginations regarding several things. In addition with this it was also found out that she gave her own name to her first book. This young lady, Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett gave her first collections of poems in the year 1826 and titled this as â€Å"An Essay on Mind and Other Poems†. This work of her attracted numerous readers especially the blind scholar of the Greek language, Hugh Stuart Boyd, as well as a Greek scholar, Uvedale Price. Later in the year 1833 she gave translations of Aeschylus’s Prometheus Bound which was also very much appraised by readers and still is followed by several readers of this era as well. In the year 1844 she wrote such masterpiece that attracted numerous poets as well as Robert Browning. She declared this as â€Å"Sonnets from the Portuguese† in which she highlighted and expressed her emotions and love themes as well. Later in the year 1849 she supported abolition of slavery through her poem which she declared as â€Å"The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point†. But this poem was a huge failure in her life and was not accepted many readers as well. Due to such failures which actually caused a financial problem in her life, she left Hope End and moved to London. After facing all such problems and finally settling in London she again started writing. At that time she wrote some other masterpieces like The Romaunt of Margaret, The Romaunt of the Page as well as The Poet’s Vow, All these writings are based on literature. (Gardner B. Taplin, 45-55) The Cry of the Children is also one of her best writings in which she emphasized on numerous points that have its own significance but were never discussed before. Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett as a poet wrote some critical papers in praise of numerous works including Richard Henry Horne’s like A New Spirit of the Age. Once she stated that â€Å"Girls blush, sometimes, because they are alive, half wishing they were dead to save the shame. The sudden blush devours them, neck and brow; they have drawn too near the fire of life, like gnats, and flare up bodily, wings and all. What then? Who’s sorry for a gnat or girl†? (Dorothy Mermin, pg 217) Later in the year 1844 she published two more volumes of herself as which were fundamentally composed of A Drama of Exile, A Vision of Poets, and Lady Geraldine’s Courtship. Both of these volumes covered several issues of her life as well as her religion. As a poet she discussed on several issues of life one of them was woman’s life as well, she wrote a verse-novel which she declared as Aurora Leigh, in this novel she included a poem which points out the fact that how women are spending their lives and what sorts of problems they are facing. In short this novel is full of ambition that she used in order to protest things regarding woman’s life. She also worked on political issues and wrote a small volume on that which was declared as â€Å"Poems before Congress†. On June 29th 1861, Elizabeth Browning died and was buried in Florence in an English Cemetery. As a poet her work which we can also declare as a masterpiece and can never be forgotten as she was the first woman poet who had so much courage to write and highlight so many different issues. She was one of the best poets of her time and her work and her life as a poet are still praised as well as followed by other poets of this era as well. (Olivia Gatti Taylor, pg 153-154) REFERENCES: – o Helen Cooper, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Woman & Artist.University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC. 1988 o Marjorie Stone, Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Victorian Poetry. Volume: 41. Issue: 3, 2003, 377+. o Gardner B. Taplin, The Life of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Yale University Press. New Haven, CT. 1997. o Dorothy Mermin, Elizabeth Barrett Browning: The Origins of a New Poetry (Chicago: The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1989), p. 217. o Olivia Gatti Taylor, Written in Blood: The Art of Mothering Epic in the Poetry of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Victorian Poetry. Volume: 44. Issue: 2, 2006, 153+.