Celebrate Christmas With Santa Claus Quotes

Observe Christmas With Santa Claus Quotes Whoever designed the possibility of a pudgy elderly person with a streaming white facial hair descending a smokestack with a pack of treats more likely than not had a mob of creative mind. A few people think he is genuine. What's more, consistently, millions hang up their Christmas stockings so Santa Claus can leave little treats from the North Pole for them to enjoy.â In the event that you are a genuine devotee of the integrity of Santa Claus or you simply cant get over your youth fun, look at these Santa Claus cites. You dont need a sleigh to be shipped to the universe of enchantment and beauty.â Santa Clause Claus Quotes Lenient Clarke MooreTwas the prior night Christmas, when all through the houseNot an animal was mixing, not so much as a mouse;The stockings were hung by the fireplace with care,In trusts that St. Nicholas before long would be there. His eyes - how they shimmered! His dimples, how merry!His cheeks resembled roses, his nose like a cherry!His whimsical little mouth was drawn up like a bow,and the whiskers on his jaw was as white as the day off. Bart SimpsonWhats Santas Little Helper never helping to hound? It would appear that hes attempting to hop over, however he cant very make it. Victor BorgeSanta Claus has the correct thought - visit individuals just once every year. Dick GregoryI never had confidence in Santa Claus in light of the fact that I realized no white man would come into my neighborhood after dull. Richard LammChristmas is when children mention to Santa what they need and grown-ups pay for it. Deficiencies are when grown-ups mention to the legislature what they need and their children pay for it. Herbert HooverA great numerous things go around in obscurity other than Santa Claus. H.L. MenckenGod is a Republican, and Santa Claus is a Democrat. Patti SmithEveryone considers God a man - you cannot resist - Santa Claus was a man, in this way God must take care of business. Francis P. ChurchAlas! How dismal would be the world if there was no Santa Claus! There would be no innocent confidence at that point, no verse, no sentiment to make middle of the road this presence. Edwin Osgood GroverSanta Claus is any individual who adores another and tries to satisfy them; who gives himself by thought or word or deed in each present that he offers. Paul M. EllThey fail who thinks Santa Claus descends through the smokestack; he truly enters through the heart. Robert Paul You know youre getting old when Santa begins looking more youthful.

Facebook Groups for Writersâ€The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly

Facebook Groups for Writers-The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly On the off chance that you havent read the latest Facebook measurements gave by Brandwatch, sit down. Yes†¦thats right, sit down. Theyre THAT staggering.With 2.375 billion month to month dynamic clients (as of Q3 2018) and 1.49 billion day by day dynamic clients, 68% of U.S. grown-ups use Facebook and 51% of them use it a few times a day.In actuality, out of everybody on the planet who is on the web, 26.3% use Facebook. In the U.S. the numbers are exponentially higher.Theres little uncertainty that Facebook is the most well known online web based life stage, with enormous potential for non mainstream writers hoping to get the message out about their most recent distributed novel. As opposed to concentrating on Facebook promoting, in any case, lets examine a part of the colossal web based life player that offers advertising, training, input, joint effort, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Indeed, Im discussing Facebook groups.Facebook bunches offer promoting openings, train ing, input, joint effort, and that's just the beginning. Photograph by Glen Carrie on Unsplash.If youve ever been an individual from a Facebook gathering, at that point you realize that these gatherings can run from being loaded with important data to just a spot for spammers and con artists to sell their products or administrations. Along these lines, for this article, lets talk about the great, the terrible, and the appalling with regards to Facebook gatherings and in doing so-filter through what is significant and what isnt when promoting yourself as an outside the box essayist on these forums.The goodThe great that you have to concentrate on are the manners by which you can utilize internet based life, including Facebook bunches for journalists, for your advantage as an author:Social media is a gold mine of opened potential to assemble an after, grandstand your composing capacity and addition exposure†¦ Facebook bunches are one more inventive way scholars can utilize online life to get saw and inspired.Joining a Facebook bunch focused on journalists is a phenomenal method to meet and work together with different authors. You may even locate your next composing gig!Facebook composing bunches run from little and personal, to huge and vigorous. Themes and center shift, yet the fundamental advantage continues as before: comradery with other writers.Kelly Gurnett, The Write LifeThere are, in any case, significant subtleties to see as you join and take an interest with these gatherings on Facebook. The first to feature is that each gathering has its own individual standards in regards to what can be posted or imparted to the network on the loose. For instance, The Write Life Facebook people group is an open gathering, which implies any author can get to it and see its presents without asking on become a part. Notwithstanding, this gathering just permits self-advancement on one day of the week (Monday, presently), and just inside one string (which means, you cannot present a different string on the gathering to publicize your most recent novel that is available).Other gatherings, for example, this shut gathering for Calls for Submissions (Poetry, Fiction, Art) are more focused to a particular reason for going along with it, and may be progressively worth the time it requires to look through posts that are made. Right now, the gathering above has more than 58,000 individuals, so clearly, its a decent asset for journalists hoping to discover distributing opportunities.Simply put, as you connect with different Facebook bunches so as to go along with them, pick cautiously by investigating their statements of purpose, rules, and network gauges for posting. On the off chance that your essential aim in joining Facebook bunches is to get exhortation from different writers in the business, your decisions of potential gatherings is increasingly extensive. Truth be told, consider taking a gander at the gatherings your preferred scholars have gone along with (you ought to have the option to see this by joining their own individual author page), and watch the action those essayists partake in inside the community.However, if your aim is for self-advancement, there are less gatherings that permit this. Do your exploration. For instance, this one permits self-advancement, so if self-advancement is your plan, its a decent one to get (with more than 15 thousand members).The badLets talk for a second about a portion of the reasons why Facebook gatherings can be awful for essayists. As referenced already, without focusing on the reason for joining a Facebook gathering, you may be left with posts springing up in your Facebook channel that are brimming with futile data that does minimal more than divert you from your objective, which is composing more. What's more, let's be honest who needs a greater amount of that?Most bunches are amazingly forthright about their motivation, strategic, rules. Truth be told, you dont even need to joi n to understand it. For instance, this Indie Author Group prints the accompanying on their gathering intro:MISSION STATEMENT:The Indie Author bunch is intended to be your confided in first stop for data about Indie composition and support.Its a spot for Indie essayists to communicate and turn out to be better journalists. By improving the general quality we can pick up the regard our difficult work deserves.We welcome all journalists, regardless of whether customarily distributed, independently publishing or a mixture (a mix of both). Our assets are planned around offering proposals and tips for all parts of the composing life.Requests for audit trades are a type of advancement, and are not allowed.Indie Author Group, FacebookObviously, this gathering doesnt need self-advancement, either, and just needs to give tips and recommendations to outside the box writers about the composition and distributing process. In this manner, on the off chance that you go along with it and begin atte mpting to advance your work, youll likely be booted out-or in any event, helped to remember the guidelines. Gatherings that have effective arbitrators are acceptable at shielding undesirable material from appearing on the page and hold each option to erase a post that doesnt concur with the network standards.If you need to accomplish the most great from Facebook gatherings, youll need to do a little research and decide a couple of significant things:What do you ask for from a Facebook gathering? Is it a chance to self-advance? Is it help from other distributed essayists? Is it a network that will survey your material before you distribute it?Next, which Facebook bunches offer what you are searching for? Thin it down to take advantage of your gathering participation.The uglyAs guaranteed in the title, there is likewise some sheer grotesqueness that joins joining a Facebook bunch for essayists, and it begins with human brain research while online.Dr Ciarn Mc Mahon of the cyberpsycholo gy inquire about focus at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Institute of Leadership, clarifies it like this-rising right close by of internet based life is narcissism in its most noticeably awful structure. He notes:If you put something on Twitter [or Facebook], it very well may be seen by as much as 250 million individuals, yet you presumably composed it peacefully and in physical protection. Along these lines, there is a serious inlet between right away open worldwide correspondence and these extremely, private considerations. Along these lines, a private idea That person is a blockhead can without much of a stretch become an undeletable open declaration: You are a moron. Individuals have been calling each other blockheads for quite a while however at no other time in such epic terms.Dr Ciarn Mc Mahon, Irish TimesThe writer of the previously mentioned article, Patrick Freyne, puts it like this:People contend enthusiastically. They contend imaginatively. They contend impulsi vely. There are mistaken assumptions and slips of funniness. Minor contrasts of feeling winding into incivility-and, to be reasonable, lovely contentions regularly remain wonderful. These days, even the most discussion opposed individuals end up connecting with online contentions vicariously, sucking up regrettably sourced assessments and counteropinions as though by osmosis.When I inquire as to whether they contend more now than they did before, they dont delay: Definitely.So is there a point to contending with outsiders? That is a muddier issue.Patrick Freyne, Irish TimesOnline contentions happen all the more regularly, and all the more effectively, than up close and personal ones. Photograph by Gratisography on Pexels.This prompts a significant point that we should all observe scholars and non-essayists the same. What is posted online is presented for the world on observe. Its additionally posted in a manner that is undeletable. Without a doubt, weve all observed reports of famou s people who posted something and afterward immediately erased it, however did you get the way that the world despite everything realizes what was posted?The basic truth is, the point at which you post something on the web, it is until the end of time. This implies on the off chance that you are in a warmed contention with a kindred essayist over-I dont know-something as straightforward as a most loved writer, or an assumed goal of that most loved writer, and you offer a critical remark that could be translated wrong†¦that remark is there for the general public's viewing pleasure, both now and later on. It is safe to say that you are that sure about your position to imprint a remark in acknowledged stone? Is the contention extremely worth that risk?If not, its maybe best to disregard the online contentions. I know not many individuals whose political or social position hasnt changed in the previous decade, so envision seeing your own position imprinted in a lasting structure a long time from now. What on the off chance that it changes? Imagine a scenario where that one remark isnt how you need to be remembered?These are genuine contemplations to remember when joining an online network and partaking in what is regularly a discourteous, politically-charged talk that would seldom occur if the reporters were up close and personal.

September Questions Omnibus 1

September Questions Omnibus 1 Viji wrote, Hello, How do I RSVP for the info session? Your links takes me to the school and Yahoo maps. Interested in attending the Sept. 18th, Mira Loma, Sacramento session. Aha, oops. You can RSVP at http://www.mit-admissions.org/7075/newusr.asp (you need a new additional login beyond your MyMIT login). You can review the list of meetings at http://mit-admissions.org/rsvp/session_link.asp. At the Sacramento meeting, say hi to Stu for me! Vivek asked, is a freshman assigned a particular discipline he is to major in or it is decided in later years? When you apply to MIT, you are not applying to a specific major or a specific school/college within MIT. Students who are admitted to MIT are admitted to the entire university and may choose any department they like without an additional application process. All freshmen enter MIT undeclared, and, at the conclusion of the freshman year, choose their major from among all of MITs majors. Later, you can add another major or a minor or two. You can also change majors (as I did in my junior year, from math to management) at any time. In short, you are not assigned to a major, you choose it. You can learn more about this at the Choice of Major website. Sara wrote, For the next Omnibus: Is it ok to write HMMT? (not enough room to write it out) What about emo? uhhh maybe MIT rejects people for listening to such whiny crap Is it ok if our summer activities are off by a few weeks, dont fall on the right days, etc., as long as the duration is correct? For HMMT, I might try something like Hvd/MIT Math Tnmt, since its not guaranteed everyone will immediately recognize it. As for emo, Im not sure under what context it would come up, but we wont count it negatively against you. Besides, the admissions staff here actually has some fairly eclectic tastes in music. As for the dates of summer activities section, were just trying to get a sense of order and length; dates need not be 100% accurate. Diana wrote, I really appreciated your presentation in Winter Park, driving to the other side of Orlando was worth it. Thanks for all the information, your honesty and enthusiasm. I now want to go to MIT more than ever, and even though that is awesome, I am going to be sooo disapointed if I am rejected and its all your fault. =o) How certain were you about MIT when you applyed? Any interview tips? I was actually not certain at all about MIT when I applied. At the time I was applying, MIT was not my first choice, and it was only after I was admitted and began to fully explore MIT that it emerged as my top choice. As Ive often talked about, I was initially concerned at that MIT would not have enough humanities for me, not have enough gender diversity, and not be a good place to be a college student with a social/non-academic life. But when I finally visited with open eyes, I realized that MIT had more than enough resources in the humanities, that MIT had both many men and many women, and that MIT would indeed be a fun place to attend college. As for the interview, Ill have more to say, but my best advice is to come in relaxed and open to talking about yourself. The interview isnt a quiz or a grilling session, it is a chance for the admissions office to get to know you better. Susan wrote, I have a question regarding the application. I understand the importance of showing passion, especially through the essays and extracurricular involvement. However, there are subjects such as psychology and philosophy that I ABSOLUTELY love but its rather hard to actively pursue them in a HS setting. How would you recommend that I display these sort of passions? There are several ways you could have your love of psychology and philosophy come out. You could talk about it in your interview. You could mention your philosophical/psychological readings/discussions in an essay. Maybe theres a teacher with whom youve had such discussions with, and they could mention it in their recommendation. Those are a few ways that come to mind. mike wrote, Could you visit us in Southwest Florida someday? Im going up to the Tampa session on the 16th, but thats a four hour one way drive for me, which means I wont be home until about two in the morning. West Palm and Miami arent any closer. I also have a question about admissions essays. You give us so little space ( Mike, Im really sorry that we cant visit all parts of the country. We do our best to get close to everyone in your case, as you note, Tampa, Miami, and West Palm Beach but unfortunately we only have so much time. We do the Central Meetings to try to help, but I dont want to trouble you and your family with so much driving! Let me know how I can help in other ways, and if you still do decide to make the long drive, hopefully Ill be able to give you at least a little individual time in Tampa. Hmmm as for the essays, again Ill have more to say later, but here are a few tips. First, the longer essay is recommended to be 500 words. Those short answer questions should be shorter, and we recognize the constraints of a shorter response; you your best to just answer those questions directly. In the longer essay, try to eliminate lots of description (It was a crisp December morning, with skies as blue as sapphires and clouds like cotton balls) and focus on talking about yourself and what is important to you. Also, do talk to others English teachers, parents, etc. for their advice on your essays. Hope that helps somewhat. Pash wrote, I am a prospective Junior, who is very intent on coming to MIT. I was merely wondering if you could facilitate some advice which would help me with acceptance into MIT. I am aware of the demand for a rigorous course schedule, however, many are, hence I was looking for distinguishing things, I as an individual could do, which would make it more compelling for admissions officers, such as yourself, to accept me. Also, is it integral that I take an English course every year, or should my emphasis be on the sciences and mathematics? Pash, my advice to you is to think about those things that most excite you, and then think about how you can best pursue those interests. Also, while it is true that an MIT education emphasizes analytical skills often used in science and math, we do also hope that youll have some academic balance in your life, including in English language studies. We do not require 4 years of English, but we do recommend it. Sara wrote, Another question: Today my college counselor said that an MIT rep comes up to Exeter to interview all early applicants. But Im a day student, so its no problem for me to meet my EC. Which would be better? And if its better for me to interview at Exeter, should I let my EC know? On your MyMIT portal, it should have the name and contact information of your EC. You should contact your EC and set up with him or her whatever best fits both of your constraints. Leon wrote, Im currently taking AP Calculus BC as a senior at my high school. Last year I have taken Calc AB and got a 5 on the AP test. If I get a 5 on the AP Calc BC test (which I am very confident that I will), do u think I will be able to take multivariable calculus in my freshman year at MIT if I will be accepted? I ask this because some people told me that no matter how well I do on some APs MIT would still make me retake the classes. If you have a 5 on the BC Calculus AP test, you will get credit and placement for 18.01 single variable calculus, and will indeed start with 18.02 multivariable calculus. Ill have an entry quite soon with more information about AP/IB credit. Shikhar wrote, Matt, I have noticed in the past few years that from India at least the students who get selected to MIT are one each from the North,South, East and West zone. Is it true that MIT considers all applicants of one geographic region of a country and takes one from each. Also dont you think Indians should get a little more representation at MIT since they make like 30% of all International applicants but still only four get selected. I mean is the application process based countrywise or are all international applicants considered in a same pool. It is not true that we will always try to take one applicant from each region of a country. However, we do consider various forms of diversity, including geographic diversity. Also, you should know that your numbers (30% and 4) are not necessarily accurate. It is true that in the international process, we admit by country, but we admit without quotas by country or region. Michael wrote, In the application my fathers highest level of education is requested. My father went to trade-school, instead of high school, and whilst in apprentice-ship, he took an evening course over 4 years to become a state authorised real estate dealer'(not sure about the expression). How would you write that up, as it does not come either in the undergrad. or the grad. category? Since theres no correct answer, I would choose High school diploma and then in the name of university and degree section, write in High school = trade school and authorised real estate dealer, or something like that. Do your best to convey the information given the limited space. Richard wrote, Ill be seeing you again in Orlando on Thursday night, and Im wondering whatll be different from the info session at Arizona ISEF. And what should we be dressed in? (At Phoenix, we had dress shirts etc., so I think this might be different) Thanks again, and I will see you soon! It was good to see you! You can wear what you like. In West Palm Beach, one student chose to wear a suit, and another wore a t-shirt and flip flops. Id probably go somewhere in between. For the record, you were dressed quite fine =) Shikhar wrote, Matt answer this on your omnibus. Dont you think its high time an MIT student does one of those unbelievable hacks like in the past I think the hacking community at MIT is lying low for sometime? Youre asking this on the wrong blog go over here ;) Michael wrote (re: this entry), The alumni whos a Senior Associate, McKinsey Co wouldnt happen to live in Oslo, Norway, would he? And if that is the case, is his name Joachim? No, the alumna Im thinking of works in Turkey. As youre beginning to see, many MIT alums work for McKinsey, among other management consulting companies. (I did find a 2001 MIT Ph.D. named Joachim working for McKinsey in Europe in the alumni directory, though). Matthew wrote, In MyMIT account, Ive been assigned an Educational Counselor in Kuwait, but I live in the UAE. Could there be a problem, or do you guys expect us to fly to Kuwait for interviews? Do you suggest emailing the EC and ask for a phone interview instead? Hmm this may be a mistake. I think we do have an EC in Dubai. You should email [emailprotected] and explain your situation to them. Shabin wrote, [Matt wrote in a previous entry,] We know that most countries do not put the same emphasis on extracurricular activities as the United States does. This is okay, and we will consider this as part of your context. But dear Mr. McGann, some of the students from some of the schools in most of the countries get more opportunity than the remaining ones. While comparing two people from the same country but coming from different ambience, and with different set of opportunities, how will the Admission Officers be able to properly understand, judge, evaluate and put into context the context? Your context includes many things, including your country, city, school, family situation, and more. All of these things comprise your context, and your context will be an important part of your application. Kamran wrote, My next question: How many staff members do you know who play video games? Actually, Ive never had a conversation with my colleagues about video games =) ant06 wrote, thanks for answerin that last ques. ive another one.. where do non-native English speakers fill in their third SAT subject test scores in the application form? The third subject score space seems reserved for native English speakers only!! You have two options as a non-native English speaker. In one, you take the SAT I or ACT along with 3 SAT IIs. In the other, you take the TOEFL and 2 SAT IIs. So, if youve taken the TOEFL, you dont need a third line for a third SAT II. You should know, though, that what well do is consider only the submitted scores that make you look best, regardless of which scores you write on the application. Kishor wrote, is it true that international applicants dont have to take the sat reasoning test. Applicants whose first language is not English (international or not) have two options: the SAT I or ACT along with 3 SAT IIs; or the TOEFL and 2 SAT IIs. We have no preference between these, and you should do whichever option will be best for you. Matthew wrote, im matthew from india .i would like to join the mit as freshman next year . and i got the application form .as u give a lot of importance to extra curricular activities ,can i attach a cd or a document containing my certificates and distinctions along with the app. form . if yes i would be really happy . hoping to hear from you soon . Many international applicants send in a large book with copies of certificates. This is not necessary. If you wish to send in some certificates, please only choose the most important few. You may also submit a brief resume (please do not make this lengthy) describing your activities and awards, but be sure to completely fill out the actual application spaces for activities and awards, as we will use this as the primary document. Harish wrote, i am a mystery to my teachers. I seem to be very good student in class, do extremely well in oral-quizzes and ask intelligent doubts. yet, in exams, I (sorry for the nasty language, but theres no other term that fits as well) screw up. Will this work for or against my favour at admissions and should I mention it in my application. I think my teachers will anyway. Another thing, do the teachers who give you give you a recommendation have to be employed because my humanities teacher recommendation happens to come from my English teacher who retired this year. but she has almost three decades of experience and Im quite sure shell give a good recommendation. Another one, Ive changed schools 5 times in my life due to fathers job. Will that have any consequence on my image. One more, my current school takes part in verrryyyyy few Extra-Curricular events. I represent us in all Literary events such as Quizzing,(which,sadly, is not given as an option in your list of events) Essa y-writing, Journalism and Debating. Whenever we do go, though, i generally do very well(when I say we do very well I mean we win). So, will quantity dictate or quality. [] Here goes the answers: Your teachers and/or counselor should be the one to mention any problems you have with taking exams. We are happy to accept recommendations from teachers who have retired or who now teach at other schools, and this will have no adverse effect on your image. We will consider your activities in the context of the opportunities you have. Laura wrote, More questions seem to occur to me all the time. Could you please help me with these too? Firstly, can I apply online for Part I of the application and send in paper forms for Part II? Secondly,how does MIT confirm citizenship status? Do they require your passport, citizenship papers, etc.? Lastly, I have a question about my transcript. If my transcript begins in eighth grade, and the online application only begins in ninth, should I list my eighth grade classes too? Complicating this is the fact that I took biology in eighth grade, but cannot find a way to list it as such, especially on the online application. Should I submit the paper application instead? What do you suggest? Oh, and one more thing, like Harish, one of the teachers that I have thought about giving a recommendation form to has retired. Should I ask another teacher to fill out the form, or is it okay if she fills it out, although she is no longer employed at the school? Yes, you can mix and match pieces of the online and paper application. I believe we look at citizenship documents at enrollment, though we need to see a copy of green cards during the admissions process. Also, you may list high school classes taken in middle school. On the paper application, write in 8 for grade level; on the online application, write Biology (taken in 8th grade) under Course Title. And, yes, as I told Harish, were happy to accept recommendations from teachers who have retired or who now teach at other schools. Dan wrote, My school offers only 2 AP courses for juniors, chemistry and US historyUS history is not for me and instead of AP chemistry taking up 2 blocks I chose honors chemistry and a full year music theory course. If they see that AP chemistry was offered and I didnt take it, will they not like that, or see that Im following my passions more, and it not affect me? I ask also because when I apply I will not have taken any AP tests to put on the application. Well, thats 1 more AP course than my school offered for junior year. You should ask your counselor to note your scheduling decision on his/her recommendation, and you may want to mention this in your interview too. Otherwise, I wouldnt worry about it too much, especially if you have some challenging courses in your senior year. Yuri wrote, Hello! I was recently accepted for the All-State Orchestra (NY), but there is a rule that requires candidates to be in the corresponding music class (orchestra). For me, orchestra conflicts with Calc BC and there is no other way around the problem, so my question is: is it worth it for my guidance counselor to mention that although I was accepted, I couldnt go due to scheduling conflicts? Sure, its worth mentioning it, its a nice honor! Mushal wrote, Im an international applicant from Pakistan. Ive been told on MyMIT that there isnt an EC in my hometown, so my interview has been waived, but i know there is one in a neighbouring city. I would really like to give an interviewis it possible to schedule up an interview with the EC from the other city?how? It may be possible. You can inquire further at [emailprotected] Shannon wrote, As a freshman, I took Spanish 3 and now as a sophmore am taking Spanish 5 (and plan on taking the AP test in May oh boy! Got to love testing). Anyways, I was really wondering how many credits or years of the language I should count that as. In middle school I essentially taught myself the language, and then I got ridiculously bored last year and went ahead into the Spanish 4 book. Can I count this as 5 years, or just 2 since I havent actually been learning it for 5, per se? Just curious. Well, we dont ask for you to account for a number of years or credits taken. Well look at your transcript and self-reported grades form to see the individual classes and individual grades, and we will definitely recognize the fact that youve advanced to Spanish V. Vivek wrote, i am in indian school system will it be fine if i get my recommendation filled up from someone who taught me in 10th then in 12th because he knows me better? Absolutely! This sounds like a great person to write your recommendation. Ian wrote, Im currently a senior student (form 5) in Malaysia and will be taking my final exams, SPM, in November 2005. I am very interested to apply for MITs Fall 2006 intake. Ive taken SAT I and TOEFL last year, scoring 620 verbal, 740 maths and 273 CBT. A few complications arise as I view the deadline of the application, January 1st. I do intend to take the new SAT I and SAT II physics, chemistry and maths 2. However, my final exams would only end in November, 30. The only available testing date according to college board that is after my exams and before the deadline is December 3rd. According to collegeboard.com, they do not allow a candidate to take up SATI and SATII papers on the same testing date, thus, the next available testing date is on January, 28, which is after the deadline for the applications. How do I overcome this problem? Ive viewed the earlier tests dates but I would be unable to take them because I would have to take a plane to Kuala Lumpur ( I am in Kuching ) a nd on those dates, my school has trail SPM exams. I do realize the competition for admission to MIT is really high, especially for the international students as only a few are admitted. I do know that I am a bright student and a fast learner, but my school doesnt have the AP system like the US schools. thus, I would like to take the AP tests in May 2006, all by self study. This again, is after the application deadline. Would MIT accept these scores? Official SPM results would only be out in March 2006. Could I use my forecast results to apply? What else should I place in my application to be one of the competitive applicants and prove my brilliance? Are there any ECs in Kuching or Malaysia? In form 4 (junior year in US standards I suppose), I missed out a mid year exam, causing me to be unranked at the end of the year. This is because I am a member of the school band, and we represented our country to Italy last year. However, I topped my form in the First term exam and also the Final exams. I am worried that this might affect my application. What should I do? I am from a low income family, yet I intend to enter a prestigious and expensive school such as MIT. What are the chances of one getting in? How good must one be? Ian, since you have taken the TOEFL (and done quite well), we will not require you to take the SAT I. All we will ask you to do is 2 SAT IIs (though taking the three is fine). So, I would take the SAT II on December 3, and not worry about the SAT I. MIT would accept your AP testing results in 2006 for credit and placement, but those scores would not be considered for this years admissions process. Also, yes, we will consider your forecast SPM results. I believe we have several ECs in peninsular Malaysia in the KL area; please email [emailprotected] for more information. As far as your special circumstance, either explain it yourself or have your counselor explain the situation. We will understand. Your income will not affect your admission to MIT (though at some schools it might). The odds for any international student to be admitted are unfortunately quite low, but I recommend you request a Fee Waiver from our office, apply, and see what happens. Most of our Malaysian applicants are from the peninsula so Ill be interested in hearing about life in Sarawak. Living in Sarawak and coming from a low income family are a big part of your context, so be sure to talk about that among all of your accomplishments and honors. Good luck! Lorraine wrote, I have a small question. Iam an international applicant or soon will be, and Iam still not sure about the subject tests. Before this year it was two subject tests one in math and one in science and one in writing,but now with the writing test no more, is it okay if I do two science tests,and one in math so that I still have a total of 3 subject tests or is there something else,because i cant do the language tests-I happen to know english only-and the History is really alien to me, but I really want to do the SATI and the subject tests. We require the SAT I or ACT and 3 SAT IIs: one in math, one in science, and a third in any subject of your choosing, which could be an additional math or science test. So, yes, you can do two science tests and a math test. Mike wrote, I recently did my interview with MIT and it was not good. It took me by total surprise. Normally, they ask you about yourself, and what youve done, but this was more like an IQ test. But then, I guess MITs not very normal. Anyhow, I think I did horribly. How will you guess look at my interview? Can it hurt my chances of getting in? The interview should not be like an IQ test. Most interviewers have just a very conversational interview to get to know you better, and this is what we instruct them to do. Please email [emailprotected] to tell them about your experience so other applicants in your area do not have the same problem. The results of such an interview cannot be held against you. Victor wrote, I would like to know if applying early action to say Caltech and MIT would hurt my chances of getting into MIT I know you dont really favor early applicants, but I would like to know how much loving the school factors into the decision. Also, the optional tell us about something you built essay should be around how long? I know Caltech likes to see a research paper you mightve written, and the thing I built has to do with a research paper Ive written. Im entering this paper into Siemens Westinghouse competition, so its like 20 pages so Im not sure admissions counselors would like to read something that long. Should I just summarize it? We do not know and do not care if you apply to other early action schools in addition to MIT. So, if you apply early action to both MIT and Caltech, it will not impact your application at MIT. We dont look for MIT love as much as we look for a good match and good fit with MIT and its culture. As for your research paper, I do not recommend sending it. What I do recommend is getting an extra recommendation from your research mentor, and talking about it in your interview. Also, for the optional essay, you could tell us a bit about your research project: how you chose the field/topic of research, how you obtained your research opportunity, what challenges you faced during your work, what you learned from the research, how it has influenced your future goals, etc. Id try to keep it to 500 words. Yasha wrote, I registered myself at MYMIT about a week ago and visit the site everyday to see if the ECs name and address/phone no. is posted there.nothing so far.How long does it take? I live near Knoxville,TN. Hmm by now, you should have an EC assignment (probably out by Oak Ridge). If you dont have an assignment and its been a while, you should contact [emailprotected] Dan wrote, Quick question: will legacies have a better chance at admissions than others? Will they be favored or does it totally not matter? Legacies are not favored, and do not have a better chance in admissions. If you are a legacy and are admitted, you are admitted for being awesome and not for being a legacy. Richard wrote, Thanks for all the information and the opportunity to talk to you. I am more interested in going to MIT than ever. I just have one additional question about MIT campus life: How politically involved are MIT students? Thanks for all your insights! Its hard to uniformly characterize MIT students political activity. Certainly, there are active chapters of such groups as the College Democrats and Republicans, as well as groups for the Green and Libertarian parties. Theres a cool new political discussion group called the Forum on American progress. Political Science classes are popular. There are also issue-oriented groups on things like the environment, abortion, social justice, and more. In general, I would characterize MIT students as having a more pragmatic (as opposed to a more radical or protest-based) approach to activism, trying to make a tangible difference on specific things rather than having vague protests and petitions (though those things happen, too). Hope that helps a little; you may want to seek out the student bloggers opinions as well. Kat wrote, I attended your lecture in Miami and yes it was standing room only!!! Well, I am writing to you because your lecture did not include any information for home schoolers (myself). I am early in the process as I am 14 but I find it is never too early. [] How does a homeschooler get an opportunity to participate in the process? Homeschooled applicants are treated just as any other applicants are. Of course, being homeschooled is a big part of your context, and that will be a big part of the consideration of your application. There is a reasonable number of formerly homeschooled students at MIT, and they tend to be as successful as traditionally schooled students. Ive promised an entry with more information about homeschool and Ill try to get to it soon. Mike wrote, I participated in the Lemelson MIT Inventeams program last year (I dont know if you know about it). How favorably will MIT look at this? Yes, we know about Inventeams (hey, is that you in the picture on the homepage?). Many of our staff went to the Inventeams event this past June, and others are involved with the selection process. In short, we know about the program and like it. Shikhar wrote, can you tell me one thing. Does MIT give credit to students who are involved in community service. I am heavily involved in the above or so I think (I have been in service for three years which would make it like 2000+hrs dont really know the exact amount). Is this really a distinguishing work or do quite a number of applicants have such good community service. Im not exactly sure what you mean by credit if you mean academic credit, then in general, no, MIT doesnt give academic credit for community service. Most students who are involved with service work do so because it is something they want to do to give back. If you mean do we in admissions consider this a credit to your application, then, yes, the service work will absolutely be considered (and 2000 hours is a lot of service!) and will be a good thing (assuming your service is in keeping with the MIT mission of improving the future of the world). Were going to want to know much more about that service than just the raw hours how did you get involved? what was your motivation? was it required of you? what kind of impact did you have? how would this relate to what you would expect to do at MIT? etc. Relatedly, you may be interested in knowing about an initiative at MIT called Service Learning. The website defines this as: Service learning is a teaching method that integrates community service projects into the curriculum of a class. Students in service learning classes apply their learning to real-world needs, providing valuable help to underserved communities and bridging the gap between theory and practice. For example:Students in an engineering class learn engineering design by creating an electro-mechanical device to aid a person with a unique disability.Students in a writing class hone their communication skills by writing a grant proposal that a community agency then uses to receive funding.Students in a Public Service Design Seminar develop and build prototype delivery vehicles that expand the possibilities for vaccine transportation in the developing world. Check it out! Im very excited about the Service Learning initiative.

Analysis Of Muhammed Ali The World s Champion By John...

Handsome, weight champion, muslim, freely spoken, racial rights leaders, all exemplifies the powerful Muhammad Ali. A man whose story has a positive impact on americans lives today and back during the civil rights movement. â€Å"Muhammed Ali: The World’s Champion† by John Tessitore is an autobiography that is written to tell all the obstacles of Muhammed Ali. The adventures annals of Muhammed Ali begins from growing up and discovering that boxing was his outlet from racism, to dropping out of school, to becoming muslim, also being the voice of the public people, to lastly being coming one of the most known African American Boxing world champion. Thousands world wide then and now see Muhammad Ali as an tragic hero due to his resistance of entering the war, going to jail, and returning back to the ring even more powerful than before. January 17, 1942, in Louisville, Kentucky Cassius Marcellus Clay JR. was born to Cassius Sr and Odessa Clay. Although Cassius Sr. was well known around town for painting church murals, he also inherited the image a of an alcoholic, which sometimes resulted in serious assault and battery some days even domestic violence towards his wife Odessa Grady Clay whom would call the police to restrain him. Odessa however, was the backbone of the family that kept everyone sane. When Cassius spoke of his parents most the of the remarks are regarding to his mother. When Cassius Jr. was only 12 he went to a downtown event on his bike and when he returned

The Virginia Agriculture Industry - 929 Words

Creating an economic impact of $70 billion and proving more than 334,000 jobs in the society, Virginia Agriculture production is among one of the most diverse in the U.S. and the largest industry for Virginia itself (VDACS 2017). The agriculture industry includes not only field productions but also processing and manufacturing industries such as food and beverages processing, textiles, wood products, pulp and paper mills, among others, and due to the link with agriculture, changes in this latter affects in various degrees the whole state industry (Rephann 2017). The tour held on August 22nd to 24th provided the opportunity to explore and get familiar with the industry related to agriculture, food safety, horticulture, landscaping, and†¦show more content†¦Next, three stops will be described and discusses. The selection was not based in less or more important but more toward where more impression or interest was brought due to the activities performed there. Commonwealth Cotton Gin Tour Commonwealth Gin is a 3rd generation family company, and during the tour the facility located Windsor, VA. was visited. Chris was the person who toured the group through the facilities. He mentioned that, in early years, the family was in the business of grains, but they decided to search for different horizons and built something different than grain productions. They were tired of producing grains, and in the process of looking for a different crops and opportunities they decided to start cotton production in Virginia in 1991, later, in 1992, the Commonwealth Cotton Gin company was started, and currently they possess two facilities, that although in some period one facility was not running, four years ago, they started to run it again. The company perform four main activities, the first one is ginning, which consist in separate the seed from the cotton fiber with the use of a machine, and after that, marketing is an important service provided to their customers, because the company act as a binding point between the growers and the buyers, which means that they help to seel the cotton. Warehouse, this is another of the four main activities thatShow MoreRelatedEconomic Impact Of Virginia Agriculture Production933 Words   |  4 Pagesjobs in the society, Virginia Agriculture production is among one of the most diverse in the U.S. and the largest industry for Virginia itself (VDACS 2017). The agriculture industry includes not only field productions, but also processing and manufacturing industries such as food and beverage processing, textiles, wood products, pulp and paper mills, among others, and due to the link with agriculture, changes in this latter affects in various degrees the whole state industry (Rephann 2017). 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Yeast Fermentation Rates Free Essays

IB Biology Internal Assessment: Yeast Fermentation Rates Planning(a) Question- Growth: What is the effect on Yeast Growth/Expansion during fermentation when mixed in water of varying temperatures? Hypothesis- Temperatures above or below the recommended fermentation temperatures will contain less, or be void of growth, either due to inactivation or to yeast death. Variables- | | | | | | |Dependent Variables |Temp|Degrees F | |90 Degrees F-130 Degrees F | | | |erat| | | | | | |ure | | | | | | |of | | | | | | |wate| | | | | | |r. | | | | |Fermentation | |Hours | |Level of |Digital Timer| |time | | | |expansion | | | | | | |after other | | | | | | |variables | | |90 |75mL |75mL |75mL |N/A |N/A | |100 |105mL |75mL |N/A |N/A |N/A | |110 |85mL |75mL |75mL |N/A |N/A | |120 |125mL |75mL |N/A |N/A |N/A | |130 |75mL |75mL |N/A |N/A |N/A | Data Processing and Presentation- Overview- Yeast is a living substance. We will write a custom essay sample on Yeast Fermentation Rates or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is commonly used to rise bread, or to make alcohol, in a process known as Alcoholic Fermentation in which it releases oxygen. Through my research, I learned that during fermentation, the temperature is a very important factor in yeast expansion, as under 100 degrees, the yeast may not activate, while high temperatures will effectively kill your yeast, rendering it useless. My Lab Experiment served to test the effect of temperature on yeast expansion during fermentation. Presentation- Temperature |Repeat | |Volume Change | |90 | |1 | |0mL | | | | |2 | |0mL | | | | |3 | |0mL | | | | |4 | |N/A | | | | |5 | |N/A | | |100 | |1 | |30mL | | | | |2 | |0mL | | | | |3 | |N/A | | | | |4 | |N/A | | | | |5 | |N/A | | |110 | |1 | |10mL | | | | |2 | |0mL | | | | |3 | |N/A | | | | |4 | |N/A | | | | |5 | |N/A | | |120 | |1 | |50mL | | | | |2 | |0mL | | | | |3 | |N/A | | | | |4 | |N/A | | | |5 | |N/A | | |130 | |1 | |0mL | | | | |2 | |0mL | | | | |3 | |N/A | | | | |4 | |N/A | | | | |5 | |N/A | | | | | | | | | Yeast Expansion Conclusion and Evaluation- Conclusion- As is shown by my data, after the first trial at each temperature, the yeast refused to rise. This is due to temperatures effect on yeast, as a living thing. After completing the first five trials and ending my experiment for the day, I placed the jar of active dry yeast in the fridge where, due to prolonged exposure to such low temperatures, the whole jar died. After frustratingly watching the next seven trials yield no rise in the yeast, I came to the realization that the cold of the fridge killed my yeast. This was just as much a surprise (as the jar said â€Å"refrigerate after opening†), as it was an interesting basis for my lab. Because my Lab was about Temperature’s effect on yeast expansion and growth, this death provides a good conclusion, as it shows that prolonged exposure to extreme cold(around 58 Degrees F in my fridge), effectively kills the yeast, just as exposure to extreme heat does. At the 90 Degrees of trial 1, the yeast simply was not activated, but at 130 degrees, it also didn’t activate. Because temperatures below 130(save 90) activated it, I assumed that this was the temperature that kills yeast, just as 58 Degrees does. Limitations of experimental design- Many aspects of my project did not work very well and could have been improved in order to make for a better experimental design. For instance, instead of simply placing the yeast in water, I could have made dough, and placed it in the oven at different temperatures, making for a much more stable environment and temperature. Also, completing all 25 trials would have yielded better results as to what temperature truly leads to the greatest expansion by the yeast during fermentation. ———————– [pic] How to cite Yeast Fermentation Rates, Papers

Walmart financial analysis free essay sample

Wal-Mart is the largest retailer in the world. Being the largest retailer in the world is considered a huge strength because other competitors are below. This strength makes it easy to negotiate prices with suppliers. Being the number one customer gives Wal-Mart an advantage. However there is more to consider when you look at finances. For finances determines the over success of a company. Furthermore, one will have a better understanding when financial statements are considered. For example if I wanted to invest in a company, I would look into the company financial statements because I would have a better sense of knowledge of the return of money invested. But then again, what if I have no Idea how to read a financial statement, say I never took a finance class or an accounting class. How would I know that I’m investing my money in a trustworthy organization? Here is the solution, below is a financial analysis of Wal-Mart. We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart financial analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As result you will be able to determine the suitability for investment. Typically, financial analysis is used to analyze whether an entity is stable, or profitable enough to be invested in. When looking at a specific company, the financial analyst will often focus on the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. In addition, one key area of financial analysis involves extrapolating the companys past performance into an estimate of the companys future performance. Auditors Wal-Mart is audited by Ernst Young LLP. Ernst Young’s believe the financial position of Wal-Mart is clearly depicted in their financial statements and in tune with the U. S. generally accepted accounting principles. The company functions globally an employs thousands of individuals. Wal-Mart is a private employer. This gives the company the opportunity to employ anyone. In addition the company can do business with whomever, as result China is one of Wal-Mart biggest suppliers. Taking jobs out of the United States by out sourcing to foreign countries, Wal-Mart is able to cut cost and support other countries. â€Å"Since Wal-Mart offers its grocery products at prices lower than the market. Wal-Mart has an advantage, constantly flexes its bargaining muscle to lower prices. This strategy ensures a steady, recurring stream of customers for its goods, making Wal-Mart synonymous with inexpensive and this keeps constant pressure on competitors. With result Wal-Mart has a strong foundation for growth as the US market matures. According to Ernst Young LLP, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. s financing gap keeps negative from 2011 to 2012, which means it has adequate Fund. It indicates that Wal-Mart Inc. has enough cash to purchase capital expenditures without borrowing. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. also maintained low debt to equity ratio, which refers that conservative financing. From that perspective, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. had sustained and steady earnings those years. Extraordinary Events Wal-Mart extraordinary events on March 4, 2010 the company’s Board of Directors approved an increase in the annual dividend to 1. 21 a share. Since the event Wal-Mart investors were able to see an increase in their investment. However there hasn’t been any extraordinary events since then. Trends in Assets and Liabilities Wal-Mart’s total assets increased by 7,277 million, from 2012 to 2013. Similarly, the total liabilities of Wal-Mart have increased 1,427 million from 2012 to 2013. Expansion is an opportunity to create more jobs by adding branch banking in different Wal-Mart locations. In addition the trend for healthy foods has risen. Wal-Mart has opportunity to expand all Wal-Mart to Wal-Mart superstores. This could increase revenue and help the customer with the conveniences of being able to grocery shop. Mac Donald’s is one of Wal-Mart greatest tactic to attract more people. The idea was a great business plan for both Wal-Mart and the Mac Donald’s entity. In general Wal-Mart results are positive. Revenue and generated profit has increased compared to previous year. Revenue increased by 5%. Net Income before depreciation increased by 6%, main sales comes from US which increased by 8%. The biggest growth comes from Wal-Mart International increased by 64%. Although when you have an increase in assets you normally will have an increase in Liabilities. According to Wal-Mart balance statement the biggest liabilities would be its accounts payable. Largest Assets The Encarta dictionary defines assets as â€Å"Assets are bought to increase the value of a firm or benefit the firms operations. You can think of an asset as something that can generate cash flow, regardless of whether its a companys manufacturing equipment or an individuals rental apartment. † Wal-Mart’s three largest assets for 2013 were inventories, buildings and improvements, and fixtures and equipment.

The Rise and Fall of Alexandria Essays

The Rise and Fall of Alexandria Essays The Rise and Fall of Alexandria Essay The Rise and Fall of Alexandria Essay How the modern world was actually established is often overlooked and attributed to the powers and domination of Athens and Rome. What authors Justin Pollard and Howard Reid urge readers to understand, however, is the significance that the city of Alexandria had on Western Civilization. Both authors have worked in British and American television, and are accomplished in the film/documentary industry.Reid has also previously written five other books. In their narrative book, The Rise and Fall of Alexandria, they seek to emphasize just how important this little city was to the foundation of the modern world through accounts of history. Alexandria was built on the foundation of knowledge and intellect, with some of the greatest minds in the fields of Philosophy and Astronomy behind the operation. Alexandria was the birthplace of some of history’s most influential people and the ideas that accompanied them.The ideas of these influential people, such as Herophilus and his discovery of the human organs, and Aristarchus with his idea of a heliocentric universe, have been carried down for centuries and will never be forgotten. Alexandria was home to the incredible library and museum where some of the world’s greatest thinkers pondered and hypothesized the abstracts and ideas that were foreign to their time. Along with all of these historical facts about Alexandria, the city also houses one of the Seven Wonders of the World- the magnificent lighthouse, the Pharos.Alexandria, one of the most influential cities in the foundation of the modern world and a city whose â€Å"unique soul† (p. 1) has been overlooked by history. But, through The Rise and Fall of Alexandria, readers are able to experience the climb to knowledge and intellect, as well as the rise and fall of this â€Å"most extraordinary city on earth† (p. 176). Alexander founded the city of Alexandria in 331 BC. Alexandria was in a prime location for a provincial capital with its †Å"access to Egypt’s wealth and connections on to the Red Sea† (p. 7). He wanted Egypt as part of his growing empire.Not long after in 323 BC, however, Alexander died and left this newly established city to his half brother and baby son. Alexander’s childhood friend, Ptolemy, soon came to rule over the city and Alexandria began rising. Ptolemy had plans for the city and began building innovative roads and two sea harbors. With these new developments, authors note, the â€Å"fundamental plan of the greatest city in the ancient world was complete. † Houses, slaves, cattle, and taxpayers were being taken from surrounding villages and given to the capital city of Alexandria.When Ptolemy’s son and successor (Ptolemy II) began his rule on the city, he, too, threw himself into developing Alexandria and created a currency that could be used to sell and trade. Structures were built, such as temples and the lighthouse, and Alexandria was becoming known as â₠¬Å"the light of the world† (p. 92). Along with the furthering of physical growth to the city of Alexandria, there was also growth politically and religiously. Ptolemy wished to fuse ancient thinking with the modern thinking of the Greeks, so he devised a plan and created a cult through a fusion of two gods: the god of the dead and the living bull.And this Greco-Egyptian cult was created and called Serapis. Through this newly founded religion and the constant furthering of the city’s buildings and technology, Alexandria began to rise. One of the main and most important themes found in the history of Alexandria is how much the city and that period in time contributed to the knowledge of the world. Some of the most brilliant people influenced that particular time, including the great philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, as well as others such as Euclid of Alexandria, Herophilus, Aristarchus, and Eratosthenes.Alexandria was rich in knowledge because of the great mi nds that utilized and contributed to the city’s institutions, such as the library and the lighthouse, to hypothesize theories and concepts. For example, Eratosthenes observed ships on the horizon from atop the lighthouse in Alexandria and eventually was the first to compass the world and describe the globe. Aristotle, being the private tutor of Alexander, could be credited for laying the intellectual foundation for the city of Alexandria. He, too, contributed to the Library of the city.Behind the brilliance of Aristotle, one can find the influences of the great philosophers that preceded him: Socrates and Plato. Because of its saturation of intellects and the availability of resources (the library and museum), Alexandria was a city thriving with knowledge and new schools of thought. Alexandria was the birthplace of the modern world, â€Å"not led by legions of soldiers, but by dynasties of scholars navigating on a sea of books† (p. 1). Alexander was considered to be a living god by the Egyptians for over 3,000 years, but the Greeks, however, did not so easily accept this notion.At the death of Alexander, dispute over who should rule over the largest empire on earth was in play. Finally, Alexander’s childhood friend, Ptolemy who looked like an Egyptian and spoke like a Greek, became Pharaoh. The reign of Ptolemy, including his heirs, was one that lasted for five generations. As even the beginning of the Alexandria Empire showed a trend of a constant power struggle among kings and pharaohs, so it continued this way until its fall. With rulers coming in and out of power, Alexandria was under a constant power struggle.Since Alexander’s death, â€Å"the eastern Mediterranean had been involved in an almost continuous struggle among the descendants of his heirs for control over† Alexandria (p. 156). A power that was becoming stronger and more threatening was that of Rome. Whether it was the grain that attracted the Romans to Alexand ria, or the hunger for a place in history with the greatest conqueror, Alexander, the Romans were drawn to Alexandria. While under the rule of Cleopatra, the city of Alexandria was invaded by the Romans and the city was set in flames.The great Library of Alexandria lost some 4,000 papyrus scrolls, which although was not the end of the library, was the symbol of the city falling as the heart of it had been burned. In the spring of 30 BC, Alexandria was again invaded by Octavian and his army, and on August 1, â€Å"the Ptolemaic kingdom came to an end† (p. 172). Alexandria became a city in which it was dangerous to express one’s religious beliefs or opinions. In the middle of this dangerous time, the last scientist who worked in the library was a woman named Hypatia.The fact that she was a woman and that she was friends with the Roman governor made the Archbishop of Alexandria, Cyril, hate her. Hypatia was killed, and soon after, the Library was destroyed. The heart and mind, the central being, the core of Alexandria was destroyed with the Library, and â€Å"with the death of Hypatia, her city also began to die (p. 280). The streets were filled with religious extremism and violence and with ethnic tension; the customs were changing and even the language was transforming as influenced by the Egyptians (p. 80). Eventually the great city of Alexandria was torn down by the Muslim general and the place that had once flourished with civilization and knowledge became nothing but ruins covered in flour and grain- and so was the fall of Alexandria. Alexandria was a city that started out strong and promising, with its dedicated rulers and the plans they had to nurture and expand the empire. It was the center of knowledge and wisdom, a magnet for those with great minds and ideas about the world.The heart of the city was its beloved library. Intellects swarmed this great city to teach, to learn, to ponder, and to discover. Aristarchus â€Å"put the earth in heavens in motion† (p. 108) when he proposed a model of the solar system; Eratosthenes found the solution to the â€Å"Delian Problem† (p. 122); Archimedes figured out how to calculate the volume of a sphere: all these discoveries out of the city in Egypt. As I read through this book, I felt as though I was in the middle of it all.It felt like I was watching the birth of a baby as the city was founded, the hard life of growing up as the city underwent so many changes, and eventually the death of a legacy as the city was torn down. The city of Alexandria served its purpose of facilitating the minds of philosophical geniuses and an important chunk of history in our world. Through this book, Justin Pollard and Howard Reid were able to bring to life a long-lost empire that rose and fell, but will never be forgotten. Pollard, Justin and Howard Reid. The Rise and Fall of Alexandria: Birthplace of the Modern World. New York: Penguin Books, 2006.

How to Determine Where Do You See Yourself in 5 Years

How to Determine Where Do You See Yourself in 5 Years Have you ever been in an interview, or an annual performance review, and found yourself a little stymied by the very simple question, â€Å"where do you see yourself in 5 years?† It’s a question right out of the Interviewing 101 handbook, and the asker is probably more interested in making sure that your answer isn’t â€Å"following Phish around the country† than in hearing the nitty-gritty of your next 10  career steps. But that doesn’t make it any easier to answer, if you haven’t put much thought or energy beyond your next step. And it also doesn’t mean you should phone it in. 1. Why Have a Career Plan?2.  Okay, I Need a Plan- Now What?3. How Do I Figure Out What I Want to Do?4. Setting Your Goals5.  How Do I Come Up With a Strategy?6.  Be Ready to ReviseWhy Have a Career Plan?Even if you haven’t been called out on your long-term career plans directly, it’s an exercise worth doing for your own sake. What do you want out of your career? It can be so easy to get caught up in what’s happening now, or what’s happening immediately next. If you don’t have a career plan, no one’s going to blackball you as a slacker. Still, here are five irrefutable (okay, not easy to refute) reasons you should consider making a career plan for yourself.1. It gives you a foundation for your career.It’s good to have a base to come back to- a sense of what your purpose is. Coming up with a career plan lets you put specific goals around ones that might be a little on the vague side. â€Å"Become a manager† or â€Å"get promoted to VP† are great goals, but they’re short on specifics. The career plan can help you figure out the milestones you need to hit in the interim. This is especially true if you’re looking for a job, or are trying to break into a particular field. Knowing what you want ahead of time can help you figure out what the best opportunities a re.2. It’s not set in stone.A career plan can seem like a commitment, especially if you’re relatively new to your field. But this isn’t about putting a ring on it for good- it’s about sketching out your preferred outcomes, so that you can make your current and near-future actions more productive. You can change it up later, if you decide this career isn’t for you after all, or you want to take a totally different approach.3. Strategy puts you in more control of your own success. If you have an upcoming fantasy football draft, or you’re into hunting Pokemon, these hobbies have something in common: you have a strategy for success. Maybe you’ve obsessed over stats, injury reports, and sports gossip sites checking to see if that quarterback is going to bounce back from his rehab stint. Or you got a hot tip about where that rare Flareon is hanging out, and you want to figure out the best time to go hunting. Either way, you’re making a plan for success. Think of yourself as the general here. Are you guaranteed a specific outcome? Nope. But does your plan give you better odds of succeeding than wandering (or drafting) aimlessly would? Absolutely.4. You’ll learn more about yourself.Your values and priorities change over time- so assumptions and decisions you made way back when might not even be close to accurate anymore. If you put in the time to take stock of where you are now and where you truly want to go, it puts you in touch with your current self, rather than the self who was making career decisions years ago.5. All the cool kids are doing it.That reason never stops being valid, right?Okay, I Need a Plan- Now What?Here’s where the great idea of planning your career starts getting down and dirty- you need to start doing the actual work. According to Quora, this process can be broken down into a series of steps:Step 1: Conduct a self-assessment.What do you value most? What are your strengths and weaknesses as an employee? What skills and experience do you bring to the table?Step 2: Decide your career options based on the interests and strengths from that self-assessment.Once you have that snapshot of you as a professional person, the next part is hard: finding jobs that line up with your wants and needs. (More on that below.)Step 3: Name your career goals.What do you want to achieve at different points throughout your career? What about six months from now, a year from now, two years from now? You can spin this out as long as you want. (Bonus points if you pass Go.)Step 4: Develop your career strategy. How do you get to those goals? What smaller goals do you need to hit in the meantime to reach those larger ones?Step 5: Review and adjust that strategy as necessary.How does your career outlook change as your life changes? Remember, this is not a one-and-done exercise- you can change it as much as you want.How Do I Figure Out What I Want to Do?Some careers have very specific milestones, if The Sims taught me anything. For example, if you want to become a tenured teacher, first you have to get your degree, be a student teacher, possibly get your Master’s, get certified/licensed, and find a full-time teaching job. That’s pretty straightforward. If your goal is to be a VP of marketing somewhere, it’s less straightforward. Which industry are you marketing in? There may not be a direct line in your field, but rather a ladder of experience that you can gather from different places. If you know what you want to do but are a little unclear on the steps to get there, then internet searches are your best friend. Look for professionalRemember: Passion is Not a PlanWhen you’re making your plan (or even figuring out how to start), it’s important to keep in mind that you don’t need to use this planning process as an altar to your professional passion.Terri Trespicio, a branding strategist and life coach, talks about rejectin g the idea that you have one passion job or career in your life. Your career plan doesn’t have to be a tunnel vision view of your abiding passion in life- it can be as simple as an outline of the kind of experience you want to gain over the next few years. It’s not about limiting yourself to one track, it’s about giving yourself a lifeline you can follow even when things get rough (if you lose your job, if you hate your job, etc.). Think of this as a problem-solving exercise: what problems need to be solved for you to get to the next level?Quiz Your Way to a PlanThe self-assessment may be more than just your strengths and values- it might be even more basic: â€Å"What do I want to do when I grow up?† (If you’re anything like me, you ask yourself that question long after the point when no one would mistake you for not yet grown up.) There are lots of great resources out there that can help you narrow the wide world of careers into a manageable numb er of potential paths for yourself. These are tests, quizzes, and surveys online that you can do at your leisure, and not only offer insight, but recommendations on what you can do with your newfound (or newly confirmed) info.The Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorTruityPymetricsThe Johnson-O’Connor Career Aptitude TestThe MAPP Career Assessment TestThe O*Net Interest Profiler These resources (some free, some premium) can help you get a better snapshot of what you’re well-suited to do. The soul-searching about values and priorities has to come from within, but you can definitely get some outside help on how to translate your skills and abilities into a fulfilling career path, and a set of goals you can meet along the way.Setting Your GoalsAfter you figure out your strengths and what you’d like to do (in general), the next step is figuring out your goals. When you’re thinking about these goals, they should be:SpecificMeasurableAchievableRelevantTime-bound If you m ake your goals as specific and reasonable, and put a schedule around it (approximate is fine), you’re more likely to hit them. Goals that are vague or too difficult will quickly get left behind as you concentrate on other things.How Do I Come Up With a Strategy?The strategic plan is the result of that round of asking yourself questions (or using one of the online self-assessments as an oracle). And it involves†¦more questions.What additional skills/experience do I need to hit my goals?What kind of network will I need?What jobs or companies would help me achieve those goals?What weaknesses can I fix to meet these goals?What kind of experience would be most helpful to me?But at this point, your questions are getting more refined, and more centered around what you want to be doing. You’re ready to start writing down milestones (goals) and a few bullet points for each that provide more information.Be Ready to ReviseRemember, this plan is not an all-or-nothing document , which shall not be changed. You will change, your circumstances might change, and your field might change. All of the potential for shifts in your plan mean you need to be ready to keep thinking about your career plan, and whether it still works for you. Maybe it’s an annual check-in with yourself, with a yearly reminder set for a quiet Sunday. But once you’ve gotten in touch with where you want to be at various points in your career, it’ll be easier to keep the plan in your mind as you move forward with opportunities and make decisions.

Financial Markets and Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Financial Markets and Risk - Essay Example For investors who are moderate on their risk taking mentality have hybrid products to choose from. This report will deal with various investment products that are provided by financial institutions and the implications of market interest rates on investors and banks. Long term savings and investment products provided by Retail banks and Non Banking Financial Intermediaries or NBFC’s Some of the popular long term investment products provided by retail banks and NBFC’s are as follows. Fixed Deposits: Fixed deposits, as the name signifies, have a fixed tenure during which the investments cannot be withdrawn. Withdrawal is possible in between the tenure, but in such a case the investor will have to forgo certain benefits as early withdrawal charges. Bonds: Bonds are debt instruments that are issued by government or corporate. Bonds are fixed income securities that provide a fixed rate of return over a period of time. As a result, it is less risky too. Debentures: Debentures are similar to bonds in its nature with the only difference being they are issued only by corporations. Debentures provide fixed rate of interest and comes with a lock in period of usually more than 2 years. Mutual Funds: Mutual fund is a collective fund management system in which the amount collected from a large number of investors is invested into certain asset classes based on the nature of the fund. The investors who invest in mutual funds will get units of the fund of which the value depends on the price movement in the assets they are invested in. Pension Funds: A pension fund is a very long term investment product that is intended to give retirement income for the investors. Investors contribute a certain amount on fixed intervals which is accumulated and invested in safe asset classes. These are returned to them at the time of their retirement. Implications of increase in general interest rates on individual savers and investors An increase in the general interest rates wi ll have a considerable impact on the investment portfolio of investors and savers. â€Å"When interest rates are rising, both businesses and consumers will cut back on spending† (Investopedia, 2011). The cut back on spending by customers and businesses will lead to less corporate earnings than before. The poor corporate earnings will cause the stock prices to drop at the overall market. A fall in the stock market will affect all the investment products that have the investment pie in stocks. Investors and individual savers, who have invested directly in the stock markets or invested in the stock markets through mutual funds and other products, will see their corpus going down. A rising interest rate can also affect the investors in terms of the low risky instruments like bonds. The prime relationship to be understood is that there is always an inverse relationship between the interest rates and bond prices. When the market interest rate rises, the bonds with lesser interest r ate than the market rate will turn to be less attractive for the investors. The investors receive interest at a lower rate as compared to what is offered by the market. This will not be a big issue if the investor holds the bond until its maturity. But any plans to sell the bond before the maturity will reap fewer benefits when the market interest rates are higher (Williams, 2009). The investor can definitely hold on to the bonds

Marketing of service ( Capture the Customer Interface ) Essay

Marketing of service ( Capture the Customer Interface ) - Essay Example There are different types of customers in the food industry but the main customers who frequent chili and groceries are those who are looking for Indian foods among other Asian delicacies. This customer base is generally acquainted with the best service delivery that the shop can offer the customers are treated as individuals and all their needs catered according to their preferences. Chili and Olive Groceries does this by making sure the restaurant is never double booked and enough space is available for any extra bookings. The entire service in the store is team managed to make sure the flow of information from the customer is entirely put into consideration for better services that they require. Chili and Olive groceries have redesigned the elements of process, people, productivity, and physical environment to appeal to the customers it serves. This comes as part of the process to create a better communication in the business. The use of social media creates an easier way to locate the restaurant and grocery. This comes easy since Muhammad has put the map on the timeline of the Facebook page plus the page is used as an advertisement medium. It is hard to miss the delicacies the restaurant offers since they are displayed on the wall. To increase productivity the store has employees to assist on anything one need. Customer service has been vamped up to make sure the customer base is satisfied at any given visits. Chili and olive has iconic products that are rare in Canada hence creating a market that is untapped. The restaurant and grocery store is a brand that is visibly appealing to any consumer who never had the Indian and middle eastern food experience. With a variety of specials like biryani, samosas, sheesh khabab, paneer paratha, and other Indian and middle eastern food, the menu in the restaurant is to die for. The product here cater for every needs for the customers be it those who are on the diet and those who are in for a

Defining And Understanding A Formwork System Construction Essay

Defining And Understanding A Formwork System Construction Essay Nowadays, construction industry in Malaysia is a mature industry. The Malaysia construction sector is regarded as a catalyst for growth while its own performance serves as an indicator to the nations economy. It is supported by a fraternity of construction player encompass developers, contractors, building material and equipment, suppliers, manufacturers, financiers, regulators and other in the value chain (Lynda, 2006). Formwork system is defined as the system of support for freshly placed concrete including the mould or sheathing which contacts the concrete as well as supporting members, hardware, and necessary bracing. Formwork system development has paralleled the growth of concrete construction throughout the twentieth century. Both designers and builders are aware of the need of construction industry in order to develop creative innovations from traditional method to improve quality and economy in the face of incoming construction industry challenges. Formwork is the largest cost component for a typical multistory reinforced concrete building. It normally cost account around 40% to 60% of the cost of the concrete frame and for approximately 10% of the total building cost. Besides, the demands and requirement of the clients have continued to grow and it is essential to find ways to build faster, cheaper and better quality building. Consequently, cost, productivity and quality of formwork system is variable by the system and material choosing. Therefore, consider as much as issue possible must be done before make the decision of choosing formwork. Definition of Formwork Formwork is a temporary boarding or sheeting erected to contain freshly placed and compacted concrete until it has gained sufficient strength to be self-supporting. The appearance of the finished concrete depends on the face texture and stiffness of the formwork. (Dictionary of Quarrying Terms) Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering moulds. (Wiki Answer) Definition of Steel Wall Form System Steel is a material generally hard, strong, durable, malleable alloy of iron and carbon, usually containing between 0.2 and 1.5 percent carbon, often with other constituents such as manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, cobalt, or silicon, depending on the desired alloy properties, and widely used as a structural material. Steel wall form system is one of the Engineered Formwork systems. (Answer.com) This formwork is built out of prefabricated modules with a metal frame (usually steel and aluminum) and covered on the application (concrete) side with material having the wanted surface structure (steel, timber, etc.). The two major advantages of formwork systems, compared to traditional timber formwork, are speed of construction (modular systems clip or screw together quickly) and lower life-cycle costs (barring major force, the frame is almost indestructible, while the covering may have to be replaced after a few or a few dozen uses, depending on the applications). (Nation Master.com) Definition of Conventional Timber formwork Conventional Timber formwork is also as known as Traditional timber formwork. The formwork is built on site out of timber and plywood. It is easy to produce but time-consuming for larger structures, and the timber facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still used extensively where the labour costs are lower than the costs for procuring re-usable formwork. It is also the most flexible type of formwork, so even where other systems are in use, complicated sections may use it. (Nation Master.com) Background of Research Formwork is the single largest cost component of a concrete buildings structural frame. The cost of formwork exceeds the cost of the concrete or steel, and in some situation the formwork costs more than the concrete and steel combined. (Robert Leroy Peurifoy, Garold D. Oberlender, 1996) For some structures, deciding the priority of the formwork design allow to reduce the total frame costs by as much as 25%. This reduction involved direct cost and indirect cost. Formwork is one of the main components in a project, it efficiencies in accelerate the construction schedule in order to reduce interest cost, labour cost, machinery cost and etc during construction and early complete for the project. (Formwork for Structure, 1996) Formwork can be categorized into two types, which are conventional timber formwork and system formwork. Conventional timber formwork is the most common type of formwork, local contractors are already familiar and get used with this method. System formwork is a new technology which introduced by Industrialized Building Systems. Based on lack of knowledge on this technology, local contractor still refused to apply this method in project broadly. The main reason they refused to applied this technology is cost of conventional formwork is much lower than IBS or the technology of it. Justification of Research Presently, high rise building project is increasing in Malaysia. It consider as the main trends in Malaysias development policy. Steel wall form system and conventional timber formwork both is the main method to construct a building. The contribution of this research will be explorer and analyzed in order to allow provided information to allow contractor in placing formwork design. Problems Statement Adapting the usage of Industry Building Systems in the construction of high rise building had significantly giving advantages in various aspects, such as reducing the construction cost, speed of construction, minimizing manpower, environmentally friendly, improved site safety and better quality construction (Shaari 2004). In order to obtain the advantages of IBS, during pre-planning stage, contractor has to decide which type of formwork is most suitable to be use in the project before contractor tender the project. For a consultant, he must have well sensed in selecting the suitable formwork system to satisfy clients requirement. Therefore, this dissertation will suggest and provide a detail of comparison of costing and productivity between steel shear wall form and conventional timber formwork for high rise building to contractor and consultant. Consequently, they are able to choose suitable formwork system instead of increase quality and productivity of work, and save time and cost in the same time. Objectives of Study The aim of this research is to compare and find out whether steel wall form system or conventional timber formwork is more suitable in high rise residential building construction. The specific objectives were: To analyze and cost and labor force required for both types of formwork system. To define and study productivity of steel wall form and conventional timber formwork. To study into different quality outcome from the both formwork system. To compare of costing and productivity between steel wall form and conventional timber formwork. Scope of Project This research will focus on the local projects that are using steel shear wall form and traditional formwork system. The study is limited to high-rise residential building construction. Site visit to the high rise residential building project will be carry out in this research. One project will be sampled for this research with two different of formwork system for wall only. Research Methodology Desk Study The data, information and reference materials will be collected through reference books, journals, magazines, newspaper and etc will be major tunnels for me to gather information for my research title. Initial study is carried out by comprehensive review on the literature on all the resources, to gain the basic understanding and ground theory on the relevant topics and area, which then be used in generating useful information and data. Internet Research Internet is a major tool to allow me finds out the information about steel shear wall form and traditional timber formwork. It also enables me to get the latest information which is related with my dissertation. Site Visit Throughout site visit, it allow me to understand the method of the construction in apply both different types of formwork in detail. Interview will be carrying out during the construction site visit. The people to be interview included contractors and other relevant party. Case study Case study about steel and timber formwork system used in high rise residential construction will be carried out. Interview will be carried out during the construction site visit. The people to be interview included contractor, project managers and other relevant party. Chapter Organization Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter has been a general introduction to dissertation research and outlines the main aims and objectives of this dissertation. It also consists of clarity of problem statement and justification of the research before to start this research. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter explains and describes the characteristic and the usage for the steel wall form system and conventional timber formwork. It wills emphasis in the usage of both type of formwork in local high rise residential building construction. Besides, this chapter is going to introduces steel wall form system and conventional timber formwork in costing, productivity, quality, advantages and disadvantages. Chapter 3: Research Methodology This chapter will explain the process of the whole dissertation and the type of research Methodology. The method of collect data, information and analysis will be explained in this chapter Chapter 4: Data Collection This chapter will be completed by carried out one case study in order to understand in more detail of the steel wall form system and conventional timber formwork. Besides, a structured interview is conducted for analysis. Data and photographs will be show as an evidence for case studies. Chapter 5: Data analysis This chapter carries out analysis and discussion of the data collected from the interviewer and case study. The data analysis will included cost analysis, productivity analysis, quality analysis and manpower analysis. Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter includes the objectives review of this dissertation. All the studies on this dissertation will be concluded in this chapter too. There will be further recommendation of this A Study on Cost, Productivity and Quality Comparison of Using Steel Wall Form System and Conventional Timber Formwork in Residential High Rise Building.

Historical Background of Victimology Essay

I. Introduction The nature and extent of victimization is not adequately understood across the world. Millions of people throughout the world suffer harm as a result of crime, the abuse of power, terrorism and other stark misfortunes. Their rights and needs as victims of this harm have not been adequately recognized. The UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration on Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power in 1985. This provides a universal benchmark by which progress can be assessed in meeting the needs of victims of crime and abuse of power. Much progress has been made since 1985 primarily by governments in Western Europe, North America and elsewhere. They have implemented programmes and laws to give effect to those basic principles but even in affluent countries much work remains. Additional resources are needed everywhere especially for countries that are developing and in transition. The convention on transnational organized crime includes a specific section to protect the rights of victims as does the optional protocol on trafficking. By June, 2005, 99 nations had already ratified the Statute of Rome that establishes a permanent International Criminal Court which gives effect to the principles in the Declaration. The rights of the victims of crime and abuse of power are still not adequately recognized in any part of the world. Their families, witnesses and others, who aid them, are still unjustly subjected to loss, damage or injury. They too often suffer hardship when assisting in the prosecution of offenders. The recent UN Congress in Bangkok also drew attention to the victims of terrorism. Victims of stark misfortunes such as natural disasters, accidents and diseases share similar trauma, loss and suffering. Services to meet the needs of victims have much in common between victims of crime, abuse of power and stark misfortunes. Action must be taken to advance research, services and awareness for victims across the world. This requires persons committed to these ideals, better services, more research, innovative education and training and continued advocacy and rights. It requires a process of assessing progress and acting to make the necessary improvements. II. DISCUSSION I. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF VICTIMOLOGY A. The Early Roots The word â€Å"victim† has its roots in many ancient languages that covered a great distance from northwestern Europe to the southern tip of Asia and yet had a similar linguistic pattern: victima in Latin; và ­h, wà ©oh, wà ­g in Old European; wà ­h, wà ­hi in Old High German; và © in Old Norse; weihs in Gothic; and, vinak ti in Sanskrit (Webster’s 1971). Victimology as an academic term contains two elements: †¢ One is the Latin word â€Å"Victima† which translates into â€Å"victim†. †¢ The other is the Greek word â€Å"logos† which means a system of knowledge, the direction of something abstract, the direction of teaching, science, and a discipline. Although writings about the victim appeared in many early works by such criminologists as Beccaria (1764), Lombroso (1876), Ferri (1892), Garà ³falo (1885), Sutherland (1924), Hentig (1948), Nagel (1949), Ellenberger (1955), Wolfgang (1958) and Schafer (1968), the concept of a science to study victims and the word â€Å"victimology† had its origin with the early writings of Beniamin Mendelsohn (1937; 1940), these leading to his seminal work where he actually proposed the term â€Å"victimology† in his article â€Å"A New Branch of Bio-Psycho-Social Science, Victimology† (1956). It was in this article that he suggested the establishment of an international society of victimology which has come to fruition with the creation of the World Society of Victimology, the establishment of a number of victimological institutes (including the creation in Japan of the Tokiwa International Victimology Institute); and, the establishment of international journals which are now also a part of this institute. Mendelsohn provided us with his victimology vision and blueprint; and, as his disciples we have followed his guidance. We now refer to Mendelsohn as â€Å"The Father of Victimology†. B. Critical Dates in Victimology †¢ 1924 Edwin Sutherland includes a chapter on victims in his criminology textbook. †¢ 1937 Beniamin Mendelsohn publishes his writings on the rapist and his victim. †¢ 1941 Hans von Hentig publishes article on victim and criminal interactions. †¢ 1947 Beniamin Mendelsohn coins the term â€Å"victimology† in a French journal. †¢ 1948 Hans von Hentig publishes his book The Criminal and His Victim. †¢ 1949 Frederic Wertham first used the word â€Å"victimology† in a book Show of Violence. †¢ 1957 Margery Fry proposes victim compensation in the London Times. †¢ 1958 Marvin Wolfgang studies homicide victims; uses the term â€Å"victim precipitation†. †¢ 1963 New Zealand enacts the first Criminal Compensation Act. †¢ 1965 California is the first state in the USA to start Victim Compensation. †¢ 1966 Japan enacts Criminal Indemnity Law. †¢ 1966 USA starts to survey crime victims not reported to the police †¢ 1967 Canada creates a Criminal Compensation Injuries Act as does Cuba and Switzerland. †¢ 1968 Stephan Schafer writes the first victimology textbook The Victim and His Criminal. †¢ 1972 The first three victim assistance programmes are created in St. Louis, Missouri, San Francisco, California and in Washington, D. C. †¢ 1973 the first international symposium on victimology is held in Jerusalem, Israel. †¢ 1974 the first police-based victim advocate project started in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA. †¢ 1975 The first â€Å"Victim Rights’ Week† is organized by the Philadelphia District Attorney, * Associate Professor, Criminology Department, California State University, Fresno; Director, Tokiwa International Victimology Institute, Tokiwa University Victimology Graduate School, Japan. Pennsylvania, USA. †¢ 1976 John Dussich launches the National Organization of Vi ctim Assistance (NOVA) in Fresno, California, USA. †¢ 1976 Emilio Viano launches the first scholarly journal devoted to victimology. †¢ 1976 James Rowland creates the first Victim Impact Statement in Fresno, California, USA. †¢ 1979 The World Society of Victimology is founded in Munster, Germany. †¢ 1980 Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) is founded by Candi Lightner after one of her twin daughters was killed by a drunk driver who was a repeat offender. †¢ 1981 President Ronald Reagan proclaims the first national Victims’ Rights Week in April. †¢ 1982 the first Victim Impact Panel established by MADD to educate drunk drivers about how their victims suffered, started in Rutland, Massachusetts, USA. †¢ 1984 The Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) establishes the national Crime Victims Fund from federal crime fines to pay for state victim compensation and services. †¢ 1985 The United Nations unanimously adopts the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. †¢ 1987 The US Department of Justice opens the National Victims Resource Centre in Rockville, Maryland. †¢ 1988 The first â€Å"Indian Nations: Justice for Victims of Crime† conference is held by the Office for Victims of Crime in Rapid City, South Dakota, USA. †¢ 1990 The European Forum for Victim Services was founded by all the national organizations in Europe working for victims of crime in consultative status with the Council of Europe and the UN. †¢ 1999 The United Nations and the US Office for Victims of Crime publish the Guide for Policymakers on the Implementation of the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power and the Handbook on Justice for Victims: On the Use and Application of the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. †¢ 2002 On 11 April, 66 the Rome Statute was ratified & went into force on 1 July at which time the International Criminal Court became effective and it included the creation of a Victim and Witness Unit. †¢ 2003 On October 2nd the Tokiwa International Victimology Institute, in Mito Japan opened its doors to promote victim rights, to conduct seminars, courses, publish an international journal, and host annual symposia and lectures and research about victimology. †¢ 2004 The World Society of Victimology at its annual Executive Committee meeting in Orlando, Florida adopts a dramatic new strategic plan to commit itself to the ideals and promises of the UN Declaration. †¢ 2005 Japan puts the UN Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power into their national legislation by adopting a new fundamental law for crime victims. To ensure that the principles would be initiated, the Prime Minister established a cabinet level committee. The new law includes services for victims, restitution from the offender, information about criminal justice and a right to formally participate in the criminal justice process. C. Victim Assistance Since the mid 1970s victim assistance programmes in America had to cope with the realization that this new field did not have a professional corps of people with special training in dealing with crime victims. Those who were working in the programmes were a mixture of medical doctors, ministers, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, on-the-job trained counsellors, persons outside the helping professions and volunteers with all levels of training. There were no international or national professional standards. There was no certificate or degree to prepare someone to do the work of helping victims recover. However, before formal victim assistance programmes evolved, there were some people trained to work with victim problems, especially people who had been helping child abuse and family violence victims. These were social workers. Today, the victim services scene has changed. There are a wide array of professionals and non-professionals working with victims. These would include: social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, nurses, medical doctors, non-specific professionals (who received their formal degrees in other fields but were trained to help victims in the numerous training schools which are both part and independent of academic settings); and, volunteers (who also received their training in the numerous training schools which are both part and independent of academic settings, many of which are 40 hour training modules offered by the victim service agencies where they work). Today the field of victim assistance is the major career field in victimology for persons wanting to help victims of crime directly. The single largest and oldest university offering a bachelor’s degree in victimology and a victim services certificate is the California State University, Fresno. Worldwide, it can be estimated that there are about 20,000 victim service programmes now operating: reducing suffering and facilitating recovery. II. KEY CONCEPTS IN VICTIMOLOGY A. Concepts 1. â€Å"Victim† has it roots in the early religious notions of suffering, sacrifice and death. This concept of â€Å"victim† was well known in the ancient civilizations, especially in Babylonia, Palestine, Greece, and Rome. In each of these civilizations the law mandated that the victim should be recognized as a person who deserved to be made whole again by the offender. 2. â€Å"Crime victim† is a person who has been physically, financially or emotionally injured and/or had their property taken or damaged by someone committing a crime. 3. â€Å"Victimogenesis† refers to the origin or cause of a victimization; the constellation of variables which caused a victimization to occur. 4. â€Å"Victim Precipitation† a victimization where the victim causes, in part or totally, their own victimization. 5. â€Å"Vulnerability† is a physical, psychological, social, material or financial condition whereby a person or an object has a weakness which could render them a victim if another person or persons would recognize these weaknesses and take advantage of them. 6. â€Å"General Victim† is a person who has been physically, financially or emotionally injured and/or had their property taken or damaged by someone, an event, an organization or a natural phenomenon. 7. â€Å"Victimization† refers to an event where persons, communities and institutions are damaged or injured in a significant way. Those persons who are impacted by persons or events suffer a violation of rights or significant disruption of their well being. 8. â€Å"Victimology† is an academic scientific discipline which studies data that describes phenomena and causal relationships related to victimizations. This includes events leading to the victimization, the victim’s experience, its aftermath and the actions taken by society in response to these victimizations. Therefore, victimology includes the study of the precursors, vulnerabilities, events, impacts, recoveries, and responses by people, organizations and cultures related to victimizations. 9. â€Å"Abuse of Power† is the violation of a national or international standard in the use of organized powerful forces such that persons are injured physically, mentally, emotionally, economically, or in their rights, as a direct and intentional result of the misapplication of these forces. 10. â€Å"Victim Assistance, Support or Services† are those activities which are applied in response to victimizations with the intention of relieving suffering and facilitating recovery. This includes offering information, assessments, individual interventions, case advocacy, system advocacy, public policy and programme development. 11. â€Å"Victim Recovery† is the resumption of the same or better level of functionality as was enjoyed prior to victimization. Persons who have been victimized vary in their level of mental health and wellbeing prior to their victimization. Consequently, victimization affects each person in a different way and causes differing degrees of injury or trauma. In their recovery it is necessary for victims to first try to regain their previous level of functioning plus learn from their misfortune and hopefully exceed their previous level of functionality. To be recovered suggests that a person has at least regained their prior level of well-being and at best, has exceeded it. This state may be measured by identifying their previous mental condition and determining if they have at least regained that prior status using the criteria of: trust in others, autonomy of self, individual initiative, competency in daily activities, self-identity, interpersonal intimacy, control over person al situations, successful relationships, safety in daily activities, acknowledgment of memory, trauma symptoms have become manageable, self esteem is restored, resourcefulness is achieved, and there is an improved ability to ward off potential threats. 12. â€Å"Child Abuse† is the intentional application of sexual, physical, emotional or psychological injury to a child to include neglect at the hands of her or his parents or care-provider within the confines of their family or place of care. 13. â€Å"Victim Offender Mediation† (VOM) is a formal process for face-to-face meetings in the presence of a trained mediator between a victim of a crime and his/her offender who committed that crime. This is also called victim-offender dialogue, victim-offender conferencing, victim-offender reconciliation, or restorative justice. Often the victim and the offender are joined by their respective families and community members or other persons related to the crime event. In these meetings, the offender and the victim talk to each other about the victimization, the effects it had on their lives, and their feelings about it. The aim is to create a mutually agreeable plan to repair any damage or injury that occurred as a result of th e crime in the hopes of permanently eliminating the conflict that caused the crime in the first place. 14. â€Å"Restorative Justice† is a systematic formal legal response to crime victimization that emphasizes healing the injuries that resulted from the crime and affected the victims, offenders and communities. This process is a departure from the traditional retributive form of dealing with criminals and victims which traditionally have generally perpetuated the conflict which resulted in the original crime. 15. â€Å"Victim Trauma† includes emotional and physical experiences that produce pain and injuries. Emotional injury is a normal response to an extremely abnormal event. It results from the pairing of a painful or frightening emotional experience with a specific memory which emerge and have a long lasting effect on the life of a person. The more direct the exposure to the traumatic event, the higher the risk for emotional harm and prolonged effects. 16. â€Å"Crisis Intervention† is the provision of emergency psychological care to traumatized victims so as to help them return to an adaptive level of functioning and to prevent or mitigate the negative impact of psychological and emotional trauma. 17. â€Å"Compensation† is a formal administrative procedure provided by law which provides only money to victims for â€Å"out of pocket† real expenses directly resulting from the victimization to be paid by the state after the victim is found to qualify according to specific criteria determined by the respective state or federal law. 18. â€Å"Restitution† is a formal judicial procedure used by a judge after guilt is determined as part of a sentence which can provide money and/or services to the victim for damages or suffering which resulted from the victimization to be paid or performed by the offender. 19. â€Å"Victim Survey† is a periodic data collection and analysis process conducted usually by a government entity within the general population to study information about crime victims regardless whether they reported their victimization to the police or not. It typically uses a face-to-face or telephone interview (or sent questionnaire) and covers demographics, attitudes about crime and details about the victimizations experienced over the previous six months. 20. â€Å"Victim Rights† are privileges and procedures required by written law which guarantee victims specific considerations and treatment by the criminal justice system, the government and the community at large. B. Abuse of Power 1. Background In spite of the legal sanctions which exist throughout the world to prevent the abuse of power (AOP), it continues to occur with growing frequency and relative impunity. There are essentially five considerations to abuse of power: the type of abuser; the specific abuser; the method used; the victims; and the extent of injury and damage. In each of these five considerations there are numerous examples ranging from the Government of South Africa’s use of apartheid on Black South Africans causing extensive death and suffering, to the criminal organization known as the MAFIA which uses racketeering, coercion, intimidation, graft and corruption on innocent citizens causing extensive death, suffering and property loss. The most recent example of AOP is the government of Yugoslavia (now dominated by ethnic Serbs) using extreme forms of aggression, against Croats, Bosnia Muslims, and most recently ethnic Kosovans with: mass killings; mass rapes; extensive destruction of property; buildings, and sacred cultural symbols, for the most part ignoring the protocols found in the Geneva Conventions for the conduct of warfare. This macro criminological/victimological phenomenon has been extensively reported on by the media and by scholars, but predominantly in narrative form. Thus far, very few attempts have been made to isolate the key variables, explain the dynamics of these events and measure their occurrences. 2. Theoretical Problem Like all phenomena, these abuse of power events lend themselves to definitions, theoretical organization and measurement. The magnitude of these occurrences dramatically turn our heads away from the dispassionate evaluation of the facts. The drama of these events is so compelling, even trained theorists put aside their research tools and yield to the subjective descriptions which overwhelm those chronicling these massive abuses. In spite of the strong emotions, the magnitude of the problem calls for careful measurement, analysis and synthesis so that a degree of understanding can emerge. This proposal will consider using the social behavioural and conflict theories familiar to most criminologist who study macro criminological phenomena. III. MEASURING VICTIMIZATION A. The Importance and Limitations of Descriptive Research Descriptive research is primarily concerned with generally characterizing a phenomenon to determine basic information about amount, frequencies and categories of a particular theme. Thus, one of the basic types of data in descriptive research is nominal level data or the counting of â€Å"apples and oranges†. The most important type of victimological descriptive research are victimization surveys. These surveys have thus far become the backbone of victimology information. Not only do these surveys give us the number and types of victims, they also give us trend information so that we can compare victims from one jurisdiction to another, from one type of victim to another, and we can measure the rate of victimization for a given population in a given time period. Another important measurement using survey research is the measurement of behaviours that exist as continua. These types of research give us information about the feelings, opinions and responses the victims have. Thus, they are very important in understanding the impact of victimization and the progress of recovery. 1. The Necessity of Evaluative Research Another important type of research is the evaluative research used to measure the official government or organizational responses to victimization and the programmes used to help victims cope. These types of research are aimed at measuring the systemic aspects of the victim experience. This is usually focused on the â€Å"Twin Criteria of Success†: effectiveness, which evaluates the achievement of programme objectives; and, efficiency which evaluates the consumption of resources over the time needed to achieve objectives. Another aspect of evaluative research is accountability, both economic and political. Economic accountability focuses on whether the existence of a particular programme in a given community is justified given the funds available and the value-system currently in existence. Political accountability focuses on whether the existence of a victim programme and its costs are supported by those in power. A large part of accountability has to do with community values, outcome expectations and official responsibilities. The measurement of these variables helps to socially contextualize a victim programme or response within the larger society or culture. 2. Explaining the Victimization with Causal Research Perhaps the most challenging and difficult form of victimological research is causal research. This research attempts to explain why and how some variables are effected by other variables in those phenomena dealing with victims. For example, it might try to understand why some victims are severely traumatized by an event, while other victims are not seriously impacted by the same event. The usual method of this form of research is to first create hypotheses about the relationships between cause variables and effect variables. Then, to measure these variables and see if the data can support the hypotheses. Ultimately, this process can lead to understanding not just one casual link, but many connected causal links, or a causal chain. A victimologist can then develop a theoretical statement with the new facts uncovered using causal research. These theoretical statements help to understand complex social and psychological victim phenomenon. Consequently persons working to prevent victimization could have empirically derived facts so as to reduce the vulnerability of potential victims. Crisis interveners could effectively reduce the suffering of victims immediately after the victimization and prevent the escalation of trauma. Advocates and therapists, basing their response on protocol analysis, could better know what works to facilitate victim recovery and reduce or eliminate long-term suffering and promote the return to stable and functional lives for those victimized. IV. THE FUTURE OF VICTIMOLOGY A. Promising Practices As new programmes and new laws evolve some prove effective and others not. In the search for programmes and laws that fulfil the fundamental aims of the United National Declaration, â€Å"to be treated with compassion and respect for their dignity, to be provided with access to the mechanisms of justice and to prompt redress to be informed of their rights, to be informed of their role and the scope, timing and progress of the proceedings and of the disposition of their case, to be provided with proper assistance throughout the legal process, to have their privacy protected and insure their safety, to be considered for receipt of restitution, to be informed about receiving compensation.† These criteria determine the value of programmes and laws so that they can be evaluated and ultimately recommended as worthy of duplication. In each of the sub-categories of victim programmes, laws, practices and rights, specific examples have become known. Some of these are listed below (from the New Directions from the Field: Victims’ Rights and Services for the 21st Century, U.S. Department of Justice, 1998). 1. Law Enforcement †¢ In San Diego, California there is a partnership between the police and the YWCA which resulted in a Community Domestic Violence Resource Network. This has resulted in a major resource for all the police agencies in the community for accurate information about the availability of shelters at any given time. †¢ In Provo, Utah victims participate in crime solving, called â€Å"victim-assisted† investigations. †¢ In Orange County, California a group of five victim advocates working together in a non-profit programme work with police and prosecutors to ensure comprehensive services for victims of gang violence. 2. Prosecution †¢ In Kenosha, Wisconsin, a programme established by the district attorney established special prosecution units for domestic violence and sensitive crimes. †¢ In Pinellas County, Florida, the state’s attorney’s office established a special prosecutor to be responsible for all elder exploitation and neglect cases. This includes police training, community outreach and education for other prosecutors. †¢ In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Victim Services Unit located in the District Attorney’s Office, employs Vietnamese and Cambodian victim-witness coordinators to assist victims from Southeast Asia throughout their case process, including translating information and helping victims with emergency medical and financial assistance. 3. Judiciary †¢ In Tucson, Arizona, the Municipal Court established a partnership with the police, victim advocates, prosecutors and health care professionals to form a Community Domestic Violence Awareness Centre. †¢ In New York State, the Permanent Judicial Commission on Justice for Children was established to provide assistance to children in the courts so as to provide a special space for child care so that those children whose parents are in court have a safe haven during their stay. †¢ In Santa Clara County, California, the courts have established local family violence councils to provide a comprehensive response to domestic violence. 4. Corrections †¢ In Texas, the Department of Criminal Justice started a victim-offender mediation/dialogue programme for victims of severe violence and their incarcerated offenders. †¢ In California one of the best known victim-offender programmes is the Impact of Crime on Victims (IOC) initiated by the California Youth Authority. This programme is aimed at providing 40 hours of education to inform offenders about how crimes affect victims and society. †¢ The US Federal Bureau of Prisons piloted victim awareness classes on drug and domestic violence crimes for offenders in halfway houses in Baltimore, Maryland, and Tampa, Florida. B. Reality of Promising Practices Although a wide variety of new programmes have been tried and dubbed as â€Å"promising† most of these have not been subjected to any form of empirical evaluation. Before these programme can be accepted as worthy of duplication, they must be carefully scrutinized over a sufficient time period. V. Demographic Characteristics The risk of becoming a crime victim varies as a function of demographic variables such as: †¢ Gender †¢ Age †¢ Race †¢ Socioeconomic class Gender With the exception of sexual assault and domestic violence, men have higher risk of assault than women (Gelles & Straus, 1988; Hanson et al., 1993; Norris, 1992). Lifetime risk of homicide is three to four times higher for men than women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992). Age Adolescents have substantially higher rates of assault than young adults or older Americans (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992; Hanson et al., 1993; Kilpatrick, Edmunds & Seymour, 1992; Kilpatrick et al., in press; Reiss & Roth, 1993; Whitaker & Bastian, 1991). Data from the National Crime Victimization Survey indicate that 12-to-19 year olds are two to three times as likely as those over 20 to become victims of personal crime each year (Whitaker & Bastian, 1991). Data from The National Women’s Study indicate that 62% of all forcible rape cases occurred when the victim was under 18 years of age (Kilpatrick et al., 1992). Race Racial and ethnic minorities have higher rates of assault than other Americans (FBI Uniform Crime Report, 1992; Hanson et al., 1993; Kilpatrick et al., 1991; Reiss & Roth, 1993). In 1990, African-Americans were six times more likely than white Americans to be homicide victims (FBI Uniform Crime Report, 1992). Rates of violent assault are approximately twice as high for African- and Hispanic-Americans compared to White Americans (Reiss & Roth, 1993). Kilpatrick et al. (1991) found that African-Americans (28%) and Hispanic-Americans (30%) were significantly more likely than White Americans (19%) to have ever been violent victims of crime. Socioeconomic Class Violence disproportionately affects those from lower socioeconomic classes (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1991). Family income is related to rates of violence and victimization, with lower income families at a higher risk than those from higher income brackets (Reiss & Roth, 1993). †¢ For example, in 1988, the risk of victimization was 2.5 times greater for families with the lowest incomes (under $7,500) compared to those with the highest ($50,000 and over) (Reiss & Roth, 1993). Using longitudinal data from The National Women’s Study, Kilpatrick et al., (in press) found that women with household incomes less than $10,000 had odds 1.8 times greater than those with incomes of $10,000 or more of becoming a rape or aggravated assault victim in the two year follow-up period. Poverty increased the risk of assault even after controlling for the effects of prior victimization and sensation seeking. However, some other studies report that family income is a less important predictor of victimization than gender, age, or ethnicity (Reiss & Roth, 1993). Interpreting Demographic Characteristic Data Some of the conflicting findings about demographic characteristics as risk factors for violent crime are attributable to methodological variations across studies. Another reason for conflicting findings is that many demographic variables are confounded. That is, they are so interrelated as to cause some difficulty in separating out their relative contributions. Demographic variables of age, gender, and racial status all tend to be confounded with income: young people tend to be poorer than older people; women tend to have less income than men; and African-Americans tend to have less income than white Americans. Repeat Victimization and the Cycle of Violence Until recently, there was little appreciation of the extent to which many people are victims of crime not just once, but several times during their lifetime. There was sufficient understanding of how repeated victimization increases the risk for and complexity of crime-related psychological trauma. Nor did we understand the extent to which victimization increases the risk of further victimization and/or of violent behavior by the victim. Several studies show that a substantial proportion of crime victims has been victimized more than once and that a history of victimization increases the risk of subsequent violent assault (e.g. Kilpatrick et al., in press; Koss & Dinero, 1989; Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders & Best, 1993; Kilpatrick et al., 1992; Reiss & Roth, 1993; Wyatt, Guthrie & Notgrass, 1992; Zawitz, 1983). Other research suggests that the risk of developing PTSD and substance use/abuse problems is higher among repeat victims of violent assault than among those who have experienced only one violent assault (e.g., Kilpatrick et al., in press; Breslau et al., in press; Kilpatrick, Resnick, Saunders, Best & Epstein, 1994). Still other evidence suggests that youth victimization history increases risk of involvement with delinquent peers and of subsequent delinquent behavior (Ageton, 1983; Dembo et al., 1992; Straus, 1984; Widom, 1989, 1992). Some research shows that involvement with delinquent or deviant peers increases the risk of victimization (e.g., Ageton, 1983), and that substance use also increases risk of victimization (e.g., Kilpatrick et al., 1994; Cottler, Compton, Mager, Spitznagel, and Janca, 1992). Another line of research has found that a history of child abuse and neglect increases risk of delinquent behavior during childhood and adolescence and of being arrested for violent assault as an adult (e.g., Widom, 1989, 1994). This new knowledge about repeat victimization and the cycle of violence has several implications for appropriate mental health counseling for crime victims: †¢ Mental health professionals should include crime prevention and substance abuse prevention in their work with victims to decrease the risk that new victimization or substance abuse problems will occur (e.g., Kilpatrick et al., in press; Kilpatrick et al., 1994). †¢ Mental health professionals should not assume that the crime they are treating is the only one the victim has experienced. This requires taking a careful crime victimization history. †¢ Providing effective mental health counseling to victims may well be an effective way to reduce the risk of future victimization, substance use /abuse, delinquency and violent behavior. Residential Location Where an individual lives influences one’s risk of becoming a violent crime victim. Reiss and Roth (1993) report that violent crime rates increased as a function of community size. For example, the violent crime rate was 359 per 100,000 residents in cities of less than 10,000; but 2,243 per 100,000 in cities with populations over a million translates to rates seven times greater. (Reiss & Roth, 1993; p. 79). Data including non-reported crimes from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) also indicate that violent crime rates are highest in central cities, somewhat lower in suburban areas, and lowest in rural areas (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992). The UCR and the NCVS are better at measuring street crime than at measuring violent crimes perpetrated by acquaintances or partners. Thus, the assumption that the increased risk of violent assault associated with residential location most likely results from stranger attacks, not necessarily from attacks by family members or other intimates, is a function of the limits of the measurement device. Exposure to Potential Assailants No violent assault can occur unless an assailant has access to a potential victim. Someone could have every previously discussed risk factor for violent assault and be completely safe from assault unless approached by an assailant. A prominent theory attempting to predict risk of criminal victimization is the routine activities theory. As described by Laub (1990), the risk of victimization is related to a person’s lifestyle, behavior, and routine activities. In turn, lifestyles and routine activities are generally related to demographic characteristics (e.g., age and marital status) and other personal characteristics. If a person’s lifestyle or routine activities places him or her in frequent contact with potential assailants, then they are more likely to be assaulted than if their routine activities and lifestyle do not bring them into as frequent contact with predatory individuals. For example, young men have higher rates of assaultive behavior than any other age-gend er group (Reiss & Roth, 1993; Rosenberg & Mercy, 1991). Thus, those whose routine activities or lifestyles involve considerable contact with young men should have higher rates of victimization. Likewise, people who are married, who never leave their houses after dark, and who never take public transportation should have limited contact with young men, and therefore have reduced risk of assault. Although some have argued that routine activities theory has substantial support in the empirical literature (Laub, 1990; Gottfredson, 1981), most of the crime victimization data that are used to evaluate assault risk measure stranger assaults much better than partner or acquaintance assaults. Thus, the theory is probably much more relevant to stranger assaults than to other assaults. VI. Conclusion and Recommendation Crime-related psychological trauma impairs the ability and/or willingness of many crime victims to cooperate with the criminal justice system. Many argued that victims must be treated better by the criminal justice system because it cannot accomplish its mission without the cooperation of victims. At every key stage of the criminal justice system process–from contemplating making a report to police, to attending a parole hearing–interactions can be stressful for victims and often exacerbates crime-related psychological trauma. Victims whose crime-related fear makes them reluctant to report crimes to police or who are too terrified to testify, effectively make it impossible for the criminal justice system to accomplish its mission. Thus, it is important to understand: †¢ Victims’ crime-related mental health problems. †¢ What aspects of the criminal justice system process are stressful to victims. †¢ What can be done to help victims with their crime-related mental health problems. †¢ What can be done to help victims cope with criminal justice system-related stress. Effective partnerships among the criminal justice system, victim assistance personnel, and trained mental health professionals can help victims with crime-related psychological trauma and with criminal justice system-related stress. By helping victims through such partnerships, the criminal justice system also helps itself become more effective in curbing and reducing crime. Several factors in the application of different conditioning principles to victims’ interactions with the criminal justice system helps us understand why the criminal justice system is so stressful for many victims. First, involvement with the criminal justice system requires crime victims to encounter many cognitive and environmental stimuli that remind them of the crime. These range from: †¢ Having to look at the defendant in the courtroom. †¢ Having to think about details of the crime when preparing to testify. †¢ Confronting a member of â€Å"second-order conditioned stimuli† in the form of police, victim/witness advocates, and prosecutors. Second, encountering all these crime-related conditioned stimuli often results in avoidance behavior on the part of the victims. †¢ Such avoidance behavior is generated by conditioned fear and anxiety, not by apathy. Avoidance can lead victims to cancel or not show up for appointments with criminal justice system officers, or victim advocates. Aside from conditioning, there are several other reasons that interacting with the criminal justice system can be stressful for victims. †¢ One reason interactions are stressful is because victims lack information about that system and its procedures, and victims fear the unknown. †¢ A second reason interactions are stressful is that victims are concerned about whether they will be believed and taken seriously by the criminal justice system. Most victims view the criminal justice system as representative of society as a whole, and whether they are believed and taken seriously by the system indicates to them whether they are believed and taken seriously by society. VI. Bibliography 1. (Bachman, 1994; Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992; FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 1992; Hanson, Freedy, Kilpatrick, and Saunders, 1993; Kilpatrick, Seymour & Boyle, 1991; Breslau, Davis, Andreski, and Peterson, 1991; Kilpatrick , Resnick, Saunders, and Best, in press; Norris, 1992; Adler et al., 1994; Reiss & Roth, 1993; Rosenberg & Mercy, 1991). 2. Dussich, John and Kiyoko Kishimoto. 2000. â€Å"Victim Assistance in Japan: History, Culture and Programmes.† In Paul C. Friday and Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff (editors) Victimology at the Transition: From the 20th to the 21st Century: Essays in Honor of Hans Joachim Schneider. M nchengladbach, Germany: Shaker Verlag. 3. Schafer, Stephen. 1968. The Victim and His Criminal. New York: Random House. 4. www.wikipedia.com 5. www.google.com.ph â€Å"Victimology†