Why the Great Depression Occurred

Introduction As observed by Romer (2003), â€Å"the great depression took place in the late 1920s to the late 1930s and was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced in the industrialized Western world† (p 1). The world wide economic downturn that originated from the United States was characterized by massive decline in output, widespread unemployment, and acute deflation in most economies across the globe (Romer, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Why the Great Depression Occurred – a Public Budgeting Stand Point specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the timing and magnitude significantly varied in various regions across the world with some parts of the world such as United States being adversely affected while other regions were mildly hit. In the United States, the great depression set off in 1929 and continued until early 1933 where it was set on a road to recovery but these efforts unfortunately failed and the American economy was highly characterized by drastic falls in prices and real output (Romer, 2003). In addition, the industrial production of the country’s economy fell by 47% while the real gross domestic product fell by 30% and the whole sale price declined by 33% resulting into deflation; further, the unemployment rate is believed to have exceeded 20% which negatively impacted on the purchasing power of the individuals consequently reducing aggregate demand (Romer, 2003). Poverty and despair were the main features of the great depression in American region with most people being unable to access the basic needs of food, decent clothing and shelter and relying on aid from charity organizations (Burgan, 2001). The depression was the worst to ever hit the nation and when president Franklin D. Roosevelt brought new policies and ideas to Washington, there was a link of optimism in the region but this was short lived since the depr ession worsened in 1938 and did not end until the country went into world war ll in 1941 (Burgan, 2001). Factors That Led To the Great Depression The prevailing government policies at the time highly facilitated the occurrence of depression and the failure and derailment in recovery of major economies. From 1929-1933, the American economy experienced substantial reduction in money supply from the federal reserves (Edwards, 2005). This, coupled with subsequent bank failures served to intensify monetary contraction in the economy and destabilize the economy which precipitated the occurrence of depression (Edwards, 2005). Scholars believe that substantial decline in money supply which was attributed to Federal Reserve decisions had severe contractionary effects on overall output in the economy as well aggregate demand (Romer, 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This may have si gnificantly influenced people’s decisions to spend as there was widespread fear and uncertainties with consumers and business owners anticipating decreases in wages and prices in the future (Romer, 2003). To further worsen the situation, most states prohibited banks from diversifying their portfolios across jurisdictions which significantly promoted bank failures while in countries like Canada which allowed nationwide bank branching, incidences of bank failures during the period were not experienced (Edwards, 2005). Bank failures led to widespread bank panics across the American economy whereby depositors lost confidence in the solvency of banks consequently withdrawing their deposits from banks (Romer, 2003). Increased withdrawals by depositors forced banks to liquidate loans in order to raise the required money which served to increase bank failure in United States (Romer, 2003). The early 1920s was characterized by tax reductions which facilitated economic boom in the Amer ican economy during the period (Edwards, 2005). However, President Hoover signed a revenue act in 1932 which created a provision for significant tax increment in the region increasing the tax rate from 25% to 63% while President Roosevelt further increased individual and corporate taxes with the highest individual rate increasing to 79% (Edwards, 2005). The tax increment killed the laborers’ incentives for work as well as investment and entrepreneurship consequently reducing the amount of spending which intensified the effects of depression and frustrated the efforts of recovery (Edwards, 2005). In addition, the Smoot-Hawley trade act which had been established to boost farm incomes by reducing foreign competition in agricultural production in America may have played a significant role in reducing world trade during the period of depression (Edwards, 2005). The trade act had raised import tariffs to an average of 59% on more than twenty five thousand products which prompted o ther countries to retaliate by imposing increased restrictions on United States’ products consequently reducing trade such that by 1933 the overall international trade had reduced by two thirds of the level prevalent before the recession (Edwards, 2005). However, some scholars believe that this policy had minimal significance in the occurrence of the depression but may have contributed to extreme decline in world price of raw materials which resulted in severe balance of payment problems for primary products exporting countries (Romer 2003). Another damaging trend that may have facilitated the occurrence of the depression was the prevalent inequality in wealth distribution whereby in 1929, the richest 24000 families in the US owned 34% of all the monetary savings in the country while an approximate 21 million families lacked any savings (Burgan, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Why the Great Depression Occurred – a Public Budgeting Stand Point specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, only few Americans could afford to locally produce goods despite the fact that factories kept on producing goods which led to under consumption which further led to the weakening of the economy (Burgan, 2001). Conclusion The great depression caused devastating effects to major economies of the world and adversely affected international trade. Numerous measures implemented by the government proved fruitless in containing the situation and the contemporary economies should learn from this occurrence in order to avoid incidences of depression in the current dynamic economy. Reference List Burgan, M. (2001). The Great Depression. Minneapolis: Compass Point Books. Edwards, C. (2005). The Government and the Great Depression. Retrieved from https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/tbb-0508-25.pdf Romer, D. C. (2003). Great Depression. Web. This research paper on Why the Great Depression Occurred – a Public Budgeting Stand Point was written and submitted by user Arielle R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s essays

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s essays Several factors contributed to the rise of the African-American protests leading to the civil rights movement in the 1950's. A prominent factor in the shaping of the Civil Rights Movement was the legacy of World War II. After the black men and women served in the military or worked in war plants, they developed a broader view of their place in the world than compared to their isolated lives in the 1940's. Another important factor is that the urban black middle class began to grow and flourish after the war. Most of the drive and force for the civil right movement came from leaders of urban black communities-ministers, educators, professionals, and many black students from universities and colleges. Television, media and other forms of culture were another factors in the rising consciousness of racism in America. This generation was constantly reminded more than any other generation before, of how the white Americans lived and how unequal and unjust the African Americans were treated . Television showed demonstrations on a national level, causing activism in one community to spread to others, and inspire similar protests. Another prominent factor in the shaping of the Civil Rights Movement was the arrival of Cold War politics. After the war, the United States was in a difficult situation in regards to the present international concern for civil rights. Foreign delegates from the United Nations were able to witness the degree of racial discrimination present in the United States. This was an embarrassment to Americans, who were trying to present the United States as a model nation to the world. Black Americans began to reach out to the world for help, criticizing the US Government through various forms of articles and public speeches. Black leaders spoke openly about the cruelty and inhumanity in the United States. Comments such as these attracted the attention of many people across the world, ultimately ruining the United States' fo...

Brown vs. Texas

Brown vs. Texas Criminal Procedure and the Constitution Due date 5/May/2012 Brown vs. Texas was a case heard by the Supreme Court in 1979. It determined that the defendants arrest in El Paso Texas, for refusal to identify himself in a high crime area, was not based on a reasonable suspicion and violated Mr. Brown’s fourth amendment rights. This was an important case for the stop and identifies statutes in the United States. One afternoon a police cruiser was driving downtown and noticed two men walking away from one another in an alley in an area with a high incidence of drug traffic. The Officer stopped Mr. Brown and asked him to identify himself and explain why he was in the alley. Mr. Brown refused to identify himself and was arrested for violating a Texas statute which makes it a criminal act for a person to refuse to give his name and address to an officer who has lawfully stopped him and requested the information. Mr. Brown was convicted and fined for violating the Texas statute. Mr. Brown appealed his case to the Supreme Court on the grounds that the Texas statute that required him to identify himself to the Officer was a violation of his fourth Amendment rights. The officers did not have any reasonable suspicion to believe that Mr. Brown was engaged or had engaged in criminal conduct. The Supreme Court heard the case and overturned the decision citing the precedent set in the Terry vs. Ohio case. It stated that Detaining appellant to require him to identify himself constituted a seizure of his person subject to the requirement of the Fourth Amendment that the seizure be reasonable. (Cf. Terry v. Ohio). The Supreme Court also stated that the officer’s actions were not justified on the ground that they had a reasonable suspicion, based on objective facts, that he was involved in criminal activity. The Supreme Court overturned the conviction.

Analytical Chafetz & Nelson and Toomeys essays Essay

Analytical Chafetz & Nelson and Toomeys essays - Essay Example Morris E. Chafetz, in â€Å"The 21-Year-Old Drinking Age: I Voted for it; It Doesnt Work,† and Toben F. Nelson, and Traci L. Toomey, in â€Å"The Drinking Age of 21 Saves Lives,† adopt opposing views on this issue. Chafetz argues that the MLDA of 21 â€Å"has not worked,† and is not linked to reduced drunk-driving fatalities (7). He holds that enforcing a minimum legal age for drinking does not take into consideration the deaths caused by alcohol off the highways, and drives teenagers to binge drinking in unsupervised surroundings. On the other hand, Nelson and Toomey take the position that the MLDA of 21 has reduced drinking-related deaths, and decreased binge-drinking in underage college students. Although both authors have credibility and are knowledgeable and logical about the subject, and Chafetz is more accommodating of opposing viewpoints, Nelson and Toomey make a more convincing argument as their stand is supported by extensive references to research stud ies. Both the essays are authored by writers with impeccable credentials. Chafetz is a credible speaker in the MLDA debate, as he is the founder of the National Institute for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse and The Health Education Foundation in Washington. His reputation is further bolstered by the fact that he was a member of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving, Director and Executive Member of the National Commission against Drunk Driving and the Presidential appointee at The White House Conference for a Drug-Free America. He is also a Doctor of Psychiatry, with a long history of association with social issues, such as alcoholism and drug abuse. Chafetz’s credentials are more than matched by Nelson and Toomey, who belong to the University of Minnesota’s School of Public Health. Their argument is further supported by a group of academicians and researchers. The reputation of the writers contributes to the trustworthiness of the essays and makes them both credible. Similarly, both the essays

Cloud computing (Opportunities and concerns (security)) Essay

Cloud computing (Opportunities and concerns (security)) - Essay Example Cloud computing greatly scales down the business resources, this is because you do not have to own these resources but you can get them through the web. These resources include software and business applications, development and runtime platforms and infrastructure (Hauck et al 2010). Hayes (2010) describes this phenomenon as programs and data being transferred from personal computers and corporate server rooms and being installed in constellations or clouds. He cites an example of making an excel spreadsheet using Google docs. In this case you may not have the software installed in your computer but you can access it over the web services and web APIs. Cloud computing has come with several opportunities especially for the business people but there has also been several security concerns over this innovation. This paper discusses the opportunities availed by cloud computing and also the security concerns. 1.1 Opportunities 1.1.1 Time to market products and services can be reduced Clo ud computing provides businesses with an opportunity to market their products via the services available on the internet. The old method was that one had to use the computer software to publish posters to advertise their products and services. These posters had then to be distributed to the potential consumers. However, businesses can now use cloud based systems such as emails, Facebook and Twitter to market their products and services. I think this is a good opportunity for businesses that have embraced technology. 1.1.2 Reduction in cost of IT investment Cloud computing offer businesses and organizations an opportunity to reduce on their cost of investing in information and technology. Traditionally, businesses, individuals or organizations had to install the software they required and maintain them. This software comes with a price and they may need regular updates. The software may also crash and lead to lose of all your data. The introduction of cloud marketing has reduced the risks and costs in information technology. The software or programs are available over the internet and you only pay on demand. You do not need to pay for the maintenance cost and the risk of data loss is greatly reduced. However, I think cloud computing also needs some investment in IT. 1.1.3 Reduction of barrier of entrance The introduction of cloud computing is a game changer for rules of competition in the business sector. Traditionally, only large business could manage to own and use computer services and programs in their business activities because of the cost of installation and maintenance. Cloud avails the infrastructure to all business on rent. This offers small and medium enterprises an opportunity to efficiently use the infrastructure and enjoy the benefits as large firms. With that, the platform of competition will be levelled. This might be true, but it is my view that it is the already established companies that can better utilize the opportunity of cloud

European colonization Essay Example for Free

European colonization Essay Religion was a key factor for the European colonization but these events were all started by the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation triggered the events leading to the persecution of many people in many European countries. The Protestant Reformation was caused by Martin Luther and he opposed the church and made his own Lutheran Church. People all over Europe were inspired to make their own churches and religious beliefs which made religious persecution occur in many of the countries because they tried to suppress the rebellion of the Protestants. Religion had a profound effect on colonization because the Protestant Reformation caused great turmoil which lead to the persecution and conversion of the New World. Certain groups of religions were persecuted for the way they believed such as the Puritans and Huguenots after the Protestant Reformation. The Puritans arose after King Henry split from the Catholic Church because he could not get a divorce from his wife so he made the Anglican Church which led to the creation of these Puritans. The Puritans wanted to purify the Anglican Church of all the Catholic beliefs which caused much of England furious with these people and lead to the persecution of these people. The Pilgrims were a group of Puritans who were known as Separatists who wanted to break away from the Anglican Church and found the colony of Plymouth. Another group of Puritans followed John Winthrop who was convinced there was no future in England for Puritans made a joint-stock company called the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the colony of Massachusetts with several towns and a capital named Boston. This lead to even more colonization as conditions worsened in England which made thousands flock to the colonies which is known as the â€Å"Great Migration†. Even in these colonies which were found to stop persecution and have religious tolerance there was still persecution and this led to the creation of more colonies and so forth many people were banished from Massachusetts and made colonies of their own due to this religious persecution. The Huguenots were French Protestants which led to colonization of the New World by the French because in that time France was mainly a Catholic country and under King Louis XIV one million people settled South Carolina, while other found sanctuary in Rhode Island, New York, and Virginia. The religious freedom of some of the colonies brought many other people from different countries which increased colonization as well such as the Scots-Irish, Germans, and etc. Religious persecution brought people from all the European empires to the New World. The Spanish and French wanted to convert these â€Å"Indians† in to Catholicism so they could be favored by God as a holy country and were inspired to spread. This was also one of the main reasons the Spanish Monarchs wanted to colonize the New World. There were missions built all over New Spain so they could convert these Natives which indirectly made the Spanish colonies spread throughout much of what is now Latin America and the South-west region of the U. S. There was also a road that linked these missions together is what is now modern day California known as El Camino Real or the Royal Highway which spread the Spanish Colonies. There were also Jesuit priests who went to some of the farthest reaches or most hostile parts of New Spain to convert these Natives which spread these colonies further as the Jesuits built more and more missions in various places that were not yet colonized. These Jesuits also worked with the French to convert these Native Americans to Christianity in the New France region. They were known as â€Å"black robes† by the Natives and the Jesuits tried to live with the Natives and convert them to the Catholic Faith. They also built missions in the New France region making New France larger as they converted more Natives. This increase in land allowed the people to spread and populate more land so more settler arrived. The Spanish and French kingdoms were driven to convert these Native Americans and this allowed them to spread in more and more land available so more people came and colonized New Spain and New France. This urge to colonize and convert was caused the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation made the events and steps which caused the church to be severed and caused conflict and persecution all over the European empires. People were inspired by Martin Luther bravery and made their own churches to defy the Catholic Church as it got weaker. This created the urge for most of the empires to convert the natives and spread. Religion had a profound effect on colonization because the Protestant Reformation caused great turmoil which lead to the persecution and conversion of the New World.

Western Perceptions of the American Indian Essay -- Indians Native Ame

Western Perceptions of the American Indian In this reflective essay, I discuss how the Europeans perceived the American Indians and the factors that shaped these perceptions. I have paid particular attention to the first-hand accounts of the encounters with the natives, written by Western explorers, missionaries, and visitors to the New World. It is particularly interesting to note how these accounts were distorted and exploited by different groups, each trying to mold the situation in their own way. We shall start with a reflection on cannibalism, and the myriad myths it engendered, since it can be argued that nothing about the Indians alienated the Europeans as much as this bizarre practice. Cannibalism, formally known as anthropophagy, was an anathema to Europeans armed with Christian precepts about morality and kindness to one’s fellow man. It was evidence of these acts that served to perpetuate many of the negative portrayals of the Indians that spread throughout the old continent. While the Europeans were certainly disgusted by cannibalism, nevertheless, it still served to intrigue them. Indeed, many explorers, upon arriving at the Americas, sought to witness it for themselves. We can deduce from these tales that there is something inherently exotic about the concept of eating human flesh that has captivated the human imagination for millennia. The noted anthropologist William Arens is known to have said that â€Å"Cannibalism is so good to think about that the human appetite is not easily satisfied.† Some theorists have suggested that myths of cannibalism were exploited to demonize those whom the Westerners sought to colonize. (Some radical historians even propose that tales of cannibalism may have been mere fabri... ...--------------------------------- [1] Kimberle S. Lopez, Latin American Novels of the Conquest (London: University of Missouri Press, 2002) 30. [2] Geoffrey Symcox, ed. Italian Reports on America 1493-1522: Letters, Dispatches, and Papal Bulls. (Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2001) 43. [3] Bartholome de las Casas, Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies. (1542) [4] Michel de Montaigne, â€Å"Of Cannibals†, In Selected Essays of Montaigne, trans. Donald M. Frame. (New York: Walter J. Black, 1943) 85-6. [5] Lynn Glaser, America on Paper: The First Hundred Years (Philadelphia: Associated Antiquaries, 1989) 161. [6] Bart L. Lewis, The Miraculous Lie: Lope de Aguirre and the Search for El Dorado in the Latin American Historical Novel (New York: Lexington Books, 2003) 8. [7] Lewis 12.

Building an Ethical organization in a mental health association Essay

Our organization is a Mental Health Association of Kentucky which is a private organization having countrywide membership and board of directors who in essence represents the diverse cultures of Kentucky. It is an association that falls under the category of health care industry. It is believed to be the oldest mental health support group in the whole commonwealth. Its mission is to support and provide education, information and undertaking out research directed at the prevention and curing mental related diseases. The main aim of MHAKY is to offer informational services all over Kentucky that will assist in the improvement and understanding of individual’s desires and they mostly focus on helping the mentally sick people in ensuring that they live healthy and active lives thus those individuals can achieve their goals like each and every person in the world. Our Vision The organization is to attain a kind and healthy community whereby the public is given value, self-respect, and the chance to accomplish their complete potential without stigmatization and discrimination. The challenge of this organization has always been the desire to be international in scope, currently we only serve the people of Kentucky. This have been a challenge to the entire management of MHAKY as we have the desire to be wide in scope, we would like to provide our services to all people around the globe not only to the people of Kentucky. This organization is big in size and can be said to be providing quality services to all in Kentucky and its environs. (Dale, 2001) Values statement Since it’s a big association we have many employees including subordinates staff and also a number of supervisors in the various departments in the organization. The stage in the life cycle of the organization in the health industry can be said to be at its peak because at the moment the organization is offering quality services and at the same time it has good reputation among the people living in Kentucky and especially from those who have been treated in the organization. It’s widely known organization and most of the people from all over the country always seek consultation and treatment for their relatives or friends in the organization whenever we have problems associated with mental illnesses. (Dale, 2001) Through a well organized and coordinated series of managerial activities that comprises of planning, leading, organizing, directing, and controlling of all the resources in our organization including employees in order to achieve desirable results. We achieve our success through the recruiting competent, motivated and qualified employees in order to achieve good results, good communication system in the organization, unambiguous policies, decisions and regulations, a conducive environment for working, good management, ability to adapt to any changes, an efficient board of directors and building a viable and strong culture and mission among others. Our association is a consciously co-coordinated social unit composed of two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. Therefore this effectiveness is always achieved through the management functions; planning, which encompasses defining our goals by establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals and developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities, organizing, which is the determination of what tasks have to be done, who does them how the tasks are to be grouped? Who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made. Controlling, this involves monitoring the organizations performance, leading, which involves managers motivating subordinates, directing the activities to be done, selecting the most appropriate channels of communication and resolving any conflicts among our employees. (Dale, 2001) The management of MHAKY should improve on managerial activities by building people skills through friendly management and also motivation of employees. The management has also put in place enough machinations to cope with the ever changing environment and these can be evidenced because of the continuous improvements of operations and continued update of knowledge and skills by the workers through training. Also the organization has emphasized the importance of work groups in achieving results. It has been a challenge to the entire management to be effective in the activities and much need to be done including training of managers in order to cope with change in the health industry. Dale, 2001) Our structure should be clearly outlined such that the employees know what they are expected from them in the course of their duties. This will lead to reduction of conflicts between management and the workers because there will be no vague policies. The structures should be in such a way that it fits the modern world and should be adaptable by the employees.

Process Of Becoming A Radiology Professor Education Essay

Introduction I am a professor of radiology and I work in a university learning infirmary. My work is learning radiology classs for undergraduate and graduate student pupils, and developing occupants in our radiology section. The purpose of our radiology section is to be certain that the pupils will derive sufficient sum of cognition and accomplishments to be able to pattern clinical diagnosing and understanding imaging which is an built-in portion of patient direction. I am graduated since 1989 and I work in learning Radiology course of study for more than ten old ages, it ‘s interesting to look back but I will non get down from the beginning as this was many old ages ago and I will discourse what I do during instruction and reflect it for farther development. In our section, the instruction design alteration between learning basic scientific discipline such as radiological anatomy, pathology, radiobiology and radiological natural philosophies and learning radiologic imagination of assorted systems and the function of imaging in clinical direction. So I use different instruction methods which are suited to the intended acquisition results of our radiology course of study. These methods include formal talk to stress on basic scientific discipline elements, little groups learning ( like: instance survey, seminar, tutorial, conference and job based acquisition ) which is the standard instruction signifier for learning radiology course of study i n which we use different radiological images as a acquisition focal point, and clinical instruction for developing our occupants how to achieve different accomplishments of radiological scrutiny. I will concentrate my composing on job based acquisition ( PBL ) as an illustration of little group learning and on clinical instruction of radiological accomplishments.Problem based acquisitionWe apply job based acquisition as a instruction method in some parts of graduate student foundation programme ; I have a deep construct that PBL is an of import manner for learning radiology course of study due to the presence of radiological subspecialties of system based manner which is relevant to job based scheme. Barrows and Tamblyn1 suggest that â€Å" Problem-based acquisition can be defined best as the acquisition that consequences from the procedure of working towards the apprehension or declaration of a job † . Albanese and Mitchell2 provide another position â€Å" PBL at its most cardinal degree is an instructional method characterized by the usage of patient ‘s jobs as a context for pupils to larn problem-solving accomplishments and get cognition about the basic and clinical scientific discipline † . There is no individual construct about the theoretical footing of practising job based learning.3 Savin-Baden4 suggests different dimensions of job based acquisition and place that the best distinction in which the cognition, acquisition and the pupil function are manifested and conceptualized in the course of study. Self direct acquisition is an active procedure and high efficient attack for go oning medical instruction as the acquisition is based on the pupils old cognition, the new cognition and understanding which can be blended through the personal and professional context of the person.5 Spencer and Jordan6 suggested that in PBL, new cognition and understanding comes from working on the job while in traditional larning the new cognition is indispensable for working on the job. I agree with those writers and I follow self directed theory, as PBL is pupil centered larning I direct the pupils for ego acquisition and actuate them to increase their self assurance, besides I consider the old experience a utile resource for constructing more information through reading, all these make the scholar able to be confronted with many undertakings. The constructivism position of acquisition is concerned on the significance of apprehension is built up through a procedure include the specific cognition foundations and cognitive operation.7 Mayes and Freitas8 suggested that constructivism acquisition is based on cognition which must be constructed through accomplishing understanding to let pupils associate new experience to bing cognition. The constructivism is the other theory which I follow in job based acquisition by stressing on activation, constructing on old experience and prosecuting the current apprehension and the new experience through active relevant job and group interaction. With many seeking about job based acquisition, I found another construct which is illustrated by Norman and Schmidt9 who show that job based acquisition has relevant countries including: activation on anterior cognition, larning in context, amplification of cognition and fosterage of competency by utilizing speculative manner of larning. Sing the old construct, I have to concentrate more on those relevant countries which are needed for job based acquisition and are closely related to constructivism. Implanting job based larning without a prepared program about the environment of the acquisition including the function of the instructor, pupil group organisation, scenario development, making the resources and measuring pupils public presentation will take to confusion between the instructors and pupils without accomplishing PBL goals.3 First, I will analyse the function of instructor in our section, in the first meeting I apply the job scenario to the pupils which include radiological images related to the PBL object, full clinical history and related medical, surgical and pathological information. I do my best to promote all pupils to inquire inquiries which explain subjects of the scenario and steer the pupils towards developing larning aims. After spliting the undertakings on the pupils, I direct the pupils for the needed resource and assist them for research, besides I take attention about the clip allowed to the pupil ‘s research to be sufficient for their ego directed larning about the undertakings divided on them. In the 2nd meeting, the pupils return back after roll uping the needed information, I do my attempt to keep all pupils showing their new information, synthesis account and use the new acquired information into the job. As I am believing about my old public presentation, I find that sometimes I face some pupils who have loose bad attitude which cause dysfunctional group behaviours, so I have to take attention about cues which denote the disturbed behaviour inbetween the pupils, give chance to keep regular interpersonal kineticss and command the challenge degree of the pupils. In discoursing the function of the instructor as a facilitator in the tutorial of November 11 2010 ( group 2 ) , there is a argument about who is the best facilitator, I understand from it a new construct as some institute use a biomedical scientist with rich scientific discipline base as a facilitator non the clinician as they believe that the clinicians are n't really good facilitators as they may exaggerate the instance and intend to develop what they think. But in our section the radiological physician is the lone facilitator for PBL Sessionss as he about understand the radiological course of study and expected to hold facilitation accomplishments in his forte. With more deep position, I think we need more staff development to avoid troubles which may confront some of the staff in pull offing PBL Sessionss, so we have to trip our ego survey by reading more books and article about PBL direction, and use new facilitator to achieve many PBL Sessionss with another experient facilitat or. Newman3 showed that the tutorial procedure have a certain frame to let the development and pattern of cognitive and metacognitive accomplishments. There are many theoretical accounts of job based larning tutorial procedure that give greater ground tackle to observe spreads in cognition and autonomous acquisition program to achieve needful knowledge.10 When I begin a PBL session with a new scenario, I direct the pupils to research the job and analyse it to place what they do n't cognize, find which undertaking they will make and be engaged in ego directed research for cognition. At the 2nd meeting the pupils presents their new information that they have learnt from research, synthesis it and reflect this information on the procedure of acquisition. Venon and Blake11 identified that different job based acquisition showed that the feedback is limited. The feedback is related to the method by which the acquisition aims are classified between the students.3 In the tutorial of November 11 2010 ( group 2 ) in which Fred Pender was discoursing PBL, he explains the importance of PBL feedback as certain institute use four electronic equal appraisal feedback per twelvemonth and he considered peer appraisal is one of the of import transferable accomplishments which the pupils will derive during PBL, in which each pupil is able to advert the difference of other pupils attitude by giving comments about his equals to measure them with respect to their professional attitude. Sing to the old construct, we do n't use peer appraisal as an appraising method due to our limited experience about this method, but now I think we need equal preparation in peer appraisal schemes and our pupils have to larn how to execute peer appraisal to develop their accomplishments of self-appraisal. Benson etal12 suggested that for the betterment of communicating accomplishments and the development of coaction, it is best to do larning group within five and 10 members. In peculiar for keeping all pupils sharing and leting deep acquisition, in the last PBL session I divide the pupils into two groups, in each one eight pupils are involved alternatively of 16 pupils per session. In some theoretical accounts, the construction of PBL includes sharing a different pupil to ease the session. Newman3 argued that, as this reinforces the message that the pupils take the duty of acquisition and the map as a facilitator. Benson etal12 showed that when the pupils take the function of facilitator in a supporting environment, this will assist them to pattern and develop facilitation accomplishments. Looking at this construct from Benson etal position, I make the first test by using one pupil to be a chair of the group, at the start of the session the pupil chair reads the scenario and seek to promote other pupils under my supervising. Although this is the first test, I think it may actuate the group and give them more duty, but, I ca n't measure the benefit of this alteration for farther development. The job based acquisition scenario is referred to the content presented to the pupils. Evans13 stated that scenario should be written harmonizing to the class larning aims, it allows pupils to incorporate old cognition to their current cognition, encourage pupils to research the subjects through searching. Some PBL scenarios which I use in learning focused on coevals and reading of medical images like images of conventional radiology, computed imaging and magnetic resonance imagination, while other scenarios begin with simple and unfastened reappraisal of patient history followed by using more information in a consecutive manner about the diagnostic processs with several radiological images are attached to the scenario, besides sometimes we apply PBL scenarios which connect radiology to metabolic procedure by utilizing functional imagination.But in malice of the applied attempts to arouse pupil involvement and challenge, I found myself confronting of import point as during PBL learni ng there is small clip to cover basic cognition related to medical images like discoursing radiation safety and radiological natural philosophies, as most of the scenario focal point on utilizing radiological images as resources for reading. So I suppose using more job based acquisition scenario which is relevant to this topic ( like, how to look into a pregnant adult female with acute thorax hurting, as this will trip the pupil to derive necessary cognition about the consequence of radiation on the foetus and understanding the natural philosophies of different mode to get the better of this job ) . Although we apply PBL as an effectual instruction method in some parts of graduate student foundation programme but there are many practical accomplishments which are n't suited for PBL ( like, how to execute a radiological guided biopsy ) . So we have to promote our pupils to larn different practical radiological accomplishments in concurrence with other learning methods.Clinical instruction of radiological accomplishmentsSecond, I will concentrate my composing on clinical preparation of the occupants in Radiology section, Radiology differs from other fortes as trainees are working in a close apprenticeship with their supervisors for deriving cognition and accomplishments in their workplace until they can execute many processs harmonizing to their degree of residence preparation. During the occupants developing they will larn many practical and communicating accomplishments related to Radiology field. There are many theories which explain clinical instruction and preparation. In self finding, there are two primary sorts of motive: controlled motive which is brought by external force per unit area and independent motive in which the scholar has internal beliefs and interest.14 Harmonizing to self finding, our occupants spend most of their professional life-time in a specific radiological environment which is adapted to their demands as they will be motivated and interested when they become more adept in observing instances of losing diagnosing. With more deep position, I find that some of occupants with higher degree of residence preparation lose some of their motive once they move into independent pattern, so I have to take attention about keeping their internal motive by promoting their of import function in real-life pattern and actuating their feeling about the chance of doing a difference in the patient life. Kolb15 explained that larning occur in four phase rhythm and immediate experience is the base for observation and contemplation, besides he stated that for effectual larning the scholar needs four different sorts of abilities â€Å" concrete experience, brooding observation, abstract conceptualisation and active experimentation † . I follow experiential theory of kolb during occupants ‘ preparation as I involved the occupant for taking new experience ( like, go toing a session of chest x-ray reading ) , after that I guide him to detect and reflect these new experience from many positions by inquiring and believing about this new experience ( like, what this determination means, what the relation between it and other findings and if it is related to old instance findings ) , so the occupant Begin to make a construct that incorporate his observation and assisting him for naming chest X ray, after that he will be able to utilize this new applications for following thorax x- ray reading. Kolb15 suggested that experiential acquisition can get down at any of the four phases while the scholar rhythms continuously through these four phases. Following this construct, I will actuate the occupants to look in the literature and read new information ( like, reading about chest x-ray reading ) and discourse it with their colleges, to get down larning from the 3rd measure by understanding the general rules and so they will finish the rhythm. The Honey and Mumford larning manner stock list is based on Kolb ‘s learning rhythm and they identify four chief acquisition manners which are activist, reflector, theoretician and pragmatist.16 I believe that no 1 has individual preferable manner of acquisition, with following Kolb ‘s learning rhythm I found that when the occupant take a new experience he is in activist manner as he learn by engagement in an activity, but when he pass to the brooding phase he learn by reflecting and detecting on his experience, while when he get down the abstract conceptualisation phase he learn through theoretician manner by developing account of the implicit in grounds and constructs, and when he pass to the active experimentation phase he learn straight from his experience through pragmatist manner. With deep thought, I normally begin the acquisition rhythm by exposing the militant manner, but I have to direct the occupant to get down his larning at any measure of the learning rhythm as this will expose different acquisition manners which will suit him. Community of pattern emphasize on the importance of incorporating certain single in a professional community and the function of community in reinforcing and rectifying single practice.17 I follow community of pattern during my clinical instruction, as the occupant starts as an perceiver and bit by bit he becomes a participant in group activity, this occur when the occupant joins our radiology section and begins his preparation we allow him to take parts of work activity and by this manner he will get cognition and accomplishments and he will travel from legitimate peripheral participant into nucleus participant. But sometimes I find some occupants lose their involvement emmet attempt to get away from group engagement so I have to follow these occupants and apply uninterrupted encouragement to them to increase their enthusiasm and better their engagement. Ramani and Leinster16 stated that clinical instruction must present cognition and acquisition of accomplishments to the scholar and they emphasis the phases in which the scholar base on balls from unskilled to skilled which Begin by consciousness, acquisition so development and terminal by amplification. I follow the old stairss during developing the occupants, for illustration, when I teach the occupant how to make Ba survey, at first I aware the occupants about the importance of these scrutiny through active treatment as this help them in observing their spreads in cognition, so I begin to present the new information either in the tutorial, during discoursing Ba images or during executing the Ba scrutiny. Gradually the new cognition will develop and the occupants will execute the process. I normally follow my occupants during executing the process to be certain that they will come on good and for uninterrupted betterment. With respects to my public presentation, I think that my of import function is how reassign the occupant from witting incompetent phase to witting competent phase, I normally allow the occupant to inquire any inquiry and I help him for ego survey, mentoring him and follow his advancement until he can make the accomplishment, and bit by bit with more pattern and follow up the occupant will reassign into unconscious competent phase as he can execute the accomplishment without witting. But I find that some older occupants fall into unconscious unqualified phase, so I have to take attention about the occupants ‘ public presentation in all survey old ages by forcing them to continuous ego survey for more mature pattern. Understanding the psychomotor learning rules is necessary for learning clinical accomplishments, these rules are based on Taxonomy of the psychomotor sphere which are conceptualisation, visual image, verbalisation, pattern, rectification, skill command and accomplishment autonomy.18 I was believing that I follow the old rules during clinical preparation of the occupant, as at the beginning of the preparation, I perform the scrutiny in forepart of the occupant while explicating what I do and let him to inquire inquiries, after that I perform the accomplishments several times while the resident provide account about what I do and I provide rectification for any misinterpretation until I become satisfied that the resident full understand the accomplishment, so I allow the occupant to execute the scrutiny under my supervising while he describe each measure before it is taken. But when I look about my old public presentation, I find that I miss an of import phase as I do n't show the prac tical accomplishment without account and I run through this phase rapidly in malice of its importance. So I have to take attention of this measure and get down my clinical instruction by executing the process with no remark to let the occupant observe the stairss of the process which is of import for ocular scholar. Besides for suiting different acquisition manners I have to increase the resident-patient interaction as patient-centered instruction maintain the attack for visual- audile – kinaesthetic learning manner of the scholar through detecting the patient, analyzing him and transporting out radiological processs. Barrows19 defined fake patients as a â€Å" normal individual who has been carefully coached to accurately portray a specific patient when given the history and physical scrutiny † . I gain a important information about fake patient from the tutorial of October 28 2010 ( group 5a ) in which some colleges emphasize on utilizing fake patients in their infirmary after taking a specific session for developing under academic staff supervising to larn them how simulate different medical status. We do n't use utilizing fake patients during clinical instruction, but I think we have to be after to use fake patients in learning non invasive process like how to execute ultrasound scrutiny as this may ease the occupant to derive experience from normal ultrasound scrutiny before they proceed to the existent patients. There are great grounds for positive consequence of communicating accomplishments preparation, this decision is based on big figure of surveies which show that a different group of medical pupils improved their ability of questioning efficaciousness and deriving information from the patients.20 I have a construct that the relation between the radiotherapist and the patient who will undergo radiological imagination scrutiny is different from that of other clinical specializer, so for radiotherapist, larning communicating accomplishments is necessary to observe patient ‘s complain and taking attention of patient when they come for imaging. Besides I think that there is no argument about the effectivity of communicating accomplishments but existent job is how to reassign such accomplishments to the occupant through day-to-day pattern. Aspegren20 concluded that experiential methods of larning are more effectual than instructional methods. In the imagination room I become in direct contact with the patient, this relation may happen one clip or may be intermittent over long clip. I set up this relation by inquiring the patient why he is showing to the survey, discourse the process before executing it, keeping scrutiny distractions and eventually I discuss the consequences of the scrutiny to the patient. I take attention about every measure I do as the occupant will larn from my behaviour the high points of radiologist patient interaction in the radiology imaging room during these meetings. There are seven indispensable communicating accomplishments which are: â€Å" constructing the doctor-patient relationship, open the treatment, gather information, understanding the patient ‘s position, portion information, reach an understanding on job and program and supply closing † .21 As it is clear that equal patient-centered relation between the physician and patient will heighten the quality of the patient attention I normally try to keep a clear patient-centered environment. First, I respect the patient confidentiality and I avoid taking the patient history, discoursing the scrutiny or doing the process in a busy room as the scrutiny room must be safe and comfort. When I see the patient at the first clip I greet him by his name and warm smiling, I spend few proceedingss in looking to the patient with close eyes contact and stress to him that the consequences of scrutiny are wholly confidential. I ne'er rush the patient into the scrutiny and I take my clip in acq uiring the patient history, discoursing the stairss of the scrutiny and replying any obscure inquiry for him. Beck etal22 execute a systematic reappraisal of surveies of GP-patients interactions to mensurate specific behaviours faithfully and supply grounds of their influence on patients results, they found 14 surveies of verbal and eight surveies of non-verbal communicating which had an consequence on patient results. I agree with the writers about the importance of verbal phrases and organic structure linguistic communications, as I normally use verbs which evoke empathy, support, reassurance, account and sometimes wit and courtesy, but I change my verbal linguistic communication when my patient is a kid as the words which I use with kids must related to cognitive degree of the kid. I remember a old bad communicating, in which I was executing endovenous urography scrutiny to a immature kid, while I asked the kid to make full his vesica like a balloon he become so hard-pressed as he believe his vesica will detonate. After this clip, I make a frame of mentions which are easy understood by th e kid. Many observations show that there is no individual communicating accomplishment but different facet of patient and physician interaction demand to be learnt.20 Many radiological processs distress the patients like executing radiologic guided interventional processs, with this patient I direct him during explicating the scrutiny and depict the feeling and esthesis of what he might experience, this is what I think it may better the patient hurt along the processs, but I need more betterment in my communicating attack as I do n't take uninterrupted patient feedback or peer group feedback to measure my public presentation with the patients. So I have to turn out my communicating accomplishments by thoughtful contemplation from revising patient and peer feedback, and taking more classs in communicating accomplishments. Miller 23 suggested a celebrated pyramid for appraisal of scholar ‘s clinical competency, this pyramid is formed of four degree, at the lowest degree of the pyramid is knowledge ( knows ) , followed by competency degree ( knows how ) , so public presentation degree ( shows how ) and terminal by action ( does ) . In my construct, the ambitious function of the clinical instructor is how to measure the pupil public presentation at the highest degree of the pyramid in the workplace, in which the patient attention take the precedence and clinical instructor has to detect the occupants interaction with the patient. I normally observe the resident clinical accomplishment ‘s public presentation at the imagination room when he fix the patient for scrutiny, do the process under my supervising or make it independently, besides I take attention about the resident behaviour during patient interaction. After that I give my occupant a frequent feedback about his public presentation, whi ch is non judgmental, descriptive non give voicing feedback ( like ; when the patient was stating you about the site of her abdominal hurting, you are concentrated on ultrasound screen and you do n't look at her ) , besides I try to depict his behaviour which can be changed in little measures and promote any helpful cues he do. I try to be supportive to my occupant by avoiding unfavorable judgment signifier of the feedback which makes the occupant blamed or rejected. Sing my public presentation, I ever do my best for detecting and follow up the occupants and give them feedback about their public presentation, but in some occasions I hesitate in giving negative feedback to some occupants who view negative feedback as a personal onslaught and reject it. So I think that we must set up more positive acquisition environment in which errors are acknowledged and feedback is accepted, besides I have to assist the occupants to understand the benefits of effectual feedback as when they take insight about what they do either well or hapless, they know where they are in comparing to where they must to be and what they must make.

Harrison Surname Meaning and Origin

Harrison Surname Meaning and Origin Harrison is a patronymic surname meaning son of Harry. The given name Harry is a derivation of Henry, itself a derivation of the Germanic name Heimirich, which means home ruler, from the elements heim or home and ric, meaning power, ruler. Like many patronymic surnames, the surnames HARRISON and HARRIS are often found used interchangeably in early records - sometimes within the same family. Harrison is the 38th most common surname in England and 123rd most common surname in the United States. Surname Origin:  English Alternate Surname Spellings:  HARISON, HARRESON, HARRISEN, HARRIS, HARRISSON, HARRYSON, HARRYSSON Where in the World Is the HARRISON Surname Found? According to  WorldNames public profiler, the Harrison surname is found in greatest numbers (as a percentage of population) in the United Kingdom, especially in the northern England regions of East and West Midlands, Yorkshire and Humberside, North and Northwest. It is also a very popular surname in Australia and New Zealand, followed by the United States and Ireland. Famous People With the Surname HARRISON Benjamin Harrison - 23rd U.S. PresidentWilliam Henry Harrison - 9th U.S. PresidentGeorge Harrison - musician; member of The BeatlesChris Harrison - television actor; the host of The Bachelor and The Bachelorette Genealogy Resources for the Surname HARRISON 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? The HARRISON Genealogy RepositoryFind records, family trees and more for a number of different HARRISON families, most in the United States and England. Bill Harrisons Genealogy SiteExplore Bills extensive research on his Harrison family from Staffordshire, England. The Harrison DNA ProjectOver 100 Harrison participants have joined together to use DNA as a tool to help sort out Harrison families worldwide. Harrison Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Harris surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Harris query. There is also a separate forum for the HARRIS surname. FamilySearch - HARRISON GenealogyExplore over 15 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Harrison surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. HARRISON Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Harrison surname. DistantCousin.com - HARRISON Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Harrison. The Harrison Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Harrison surname from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. https://www.thoughtco.com/surname-meanings-and-origins-s2-1422408

Reform of WTO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reform of WTO - Essay Example As tha paper declares a corporation that pollutes a river into which it discharges wastes will be made to clean it up and to compensate those who have been harmed. The cost of keeping the environment clean becomes a part of the production cost. This can be enforced when there is a global authority to regulate pollution. Without global environment protection welfare cannot be maximized. This essay stresses that unconstrained globalization is likely to lead to economic efficiencies. The ruling elite have to care about the overall welfare otherwise they will out-compete countries that provide minimal conditions for their workers. According to Herman Daly when world production shifts to countries that do the poorest jobs, it reduces the efficiency of global production. The fear is that rich countries would use high standards to keep goods out of the poor countries. Instituting global standards is the only way to prevent an equally inhuman form of uncontrolled global capital. Trade and politics should be independent of each other. Governments may trade with other countries even while disapproving of their regimes. The US has attacked China for its human rights record while it expanded its trade with China. At times though, many trade deals are done with the governments. Transnational corporations arrange with governments for oil exploration, to cut timer and to fish. Th ey thus accept the government’s rights to sell the resources that lie within its border.

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Hamlet - Essay Example It seemed to me that he was different from Oedipus or Macbeth in that he did not jump into thoughtless action. I searched for the possible reasons for this and interrogated the differences in the notion of tragedy among these heroes. Apparently, Hamlet was different from the others because he was faced with serious domestic problems soon after he returned home from the University. The learned Prince took the world seriously and tried to comprehend it to the fullest, and to his utter dismay discovered that time was out of joint. I focused on the specific pattern in which Hamlet tried to discover the truth and the ways in which he tried to avoid action. I searched for the possible reasons for his ambivalent relationship with his mother Gertrude and lady love Ophelia, and a specific pattern evolved with which I could argue that Hamlet’s inaction did not show his inability, and that it was part a well thought out plan of action which the Prince had conceived. The paper revolves around the idea that Hamlet’s inaction was related to the careful study of the situation at hand which he had to resolve. It is argued that instead of jumping into thoughtless action like Oedipus or Macbeth, Hamlet took as much time as possible to interrogate the existential questions he was faced with and realized that the state of the world did not adhere to any idealistic notion. Hamlet’s quest for truth is not something that would lead to a happy state of affairs. He realizes that he is doomed to be a tragic hero whose actions can only result in irrevocable sorrow. The paper introduces the psychoanalytic readings that have established the possible reasons for the procrastination of Prince Hamlet and goes on to analyze the Apollonian and Dionysian traditions in the Greek culture. In this section, Hamlet is seen as possessing more of the Apollonian elements in contrast with Oedipus, who