The Breaking Of A Hierarchical Society Through Technology...

Zainab Jafri Mr. Ballinger ENG-101-ML 22 November, 2016 The Breaking of a Hierarchical Society Through Technology Cathy Davidson’s Project Classroom Makeover, Rent Seeking and the Making of an Unequal Society by Joseph E. Stiglitz, and Tim Wu’s Father and Son all suggest that although trying to appeal to society through democratizing tactics by using technology, major companies are falling into a monopolizing hole. As technology is providing potential freedom to lead us to reinvent and acquire gains that are more aligned with public goods, such as democracy, the internet is also letting major companies to manipulate society and the government. However, despite the fact that technology is helping corporations to threaten the liberty of society, technology is also serving as a threat to government control, hierarchy and monopoly as individuals have more access to information to educate themselves. Although companies are trying to appeal to consumers by promoting democracy, corporations are becoming a monopolizing power. Th is is clear as Apple, while originally planning to â€Å"Do No Evil† (Wu 534), ended up becoming a monopolizing company after teaming up with ATT after the launching of the iPhone because ATT is â€Å"the best and most popular network in the country† (Wu 534). Apple further monopolizes as it teams up with Duke University to ensure a â€Å"partnership of business and education† (Davidson 48). Although the original incentive of Apple was to try and create socialShow MoreRelatedEssay My Personal Culture996 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs, and personal interests. Culture is important because it allows people to maintain a unique identity society. Many cultures have common interests, while others may have customs that differ greatly from that of another. Technology has had a huge impact on present day cultures. 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Tale of Two Cites Drowning Motif Free Essays

English 12u Essay Rough Draft Justina Van Maren Splashing, gasping for breath. Sinking, darkness, and then; death. Death by drowning is, in the beginning, a conscious, agonizing end. We will write a custom essay sample on Tale of Two Cites: Drowning Motif or any similar topic only for you Order Now The realization of an imminent death is the first step that strikes fear into the heart of the victim. Shore is too far away, the person is too tired, and if rescue is not near, death is inescapable. Contrary to popular understanding, a drowning person is not easy to spot. People picture a drowning victim screaming or calling for help, but in actuality all his/her efforts are used to breathe, making calls for help impossible. Drowning is not the death most people envision it. It is a silent killer. Creeping up slowly, it takes its victims by surprise, and often before five minutes have passed, death has them in its cold, cruel clutches. This silent action is paralleled in Charles Dickens novel, A Tale of Two Cities. Dickens speaks of a woodman, personified as fate, and a farmer, who is used to picture death, working silently but purposefully towards the French Revolution, getting ready wood for scaffolds, guillotines and tumbrels. As well as portraying the silent nature of drowning, Dickens also uses this motif to bring out another aspect of the revolution. In A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens uses the motif of drowning to portray the stages of the revolutionaries’ attitudes towards their condition. â€Å"The first step towards getting helped is realizing that you have a problem. † (Anonymous) This well known quote clearly illustrates the first step of drowning. A man cannot save himself if he does not realize that he is in danger. When drowning becomes reality to its victims, their whole vision changes, and panic sets in. In A Tale of Two Cities, the peasant’s vision changed as they realized that if they did not act right away, they would die as victims of a tyrannical system. If this fact in itself did not move the peasants into action, it was the fact that not only them, but their children and their children’s children would perish, smothered under the iron fist of the aristocracy. Their vision became visions of desperate people, as drowning people. This outlook was in many ways created and helped along by Monsieur and Madame Defarge. They showed the shrunken, wasted Doctor Manette to the Jacques, in order to change the way they looked at things and strike fear of their condition into their hearts. Dickens also uses the motif of drowning very strongly in the personal lives of his characters. A quote found on page 255 reads, â€Å"All this was seen in a moment, as the vision of a drowning man. † This quote refers us back to the Manette’s, where Jarvis Lorry reveals the terrible grindstone scene to the horrified Doctor. Doctor Manette’s vision changed at that moment as well, realising that death, though not for himself, was sure for Lucie’s husband if immediate action was not taken. When a drowning person obtains the vision that he or she is dying, panic takes control over both mind and body. From panic stems desperation and a desperate man is someone who will do anything to change his situation. A drowning man no longer thinks about right and wrong, about what morals he practices, or what values he ought to follow. One thought consumes his mind, and that is to save himself. The means used to achieve deliverance does not matter, nor does the suffering person stop to consider if he is harming another in saving himself. In the novel, this is illustrated by the conflict between Miss Pross and Madame Defarge; â€Å". . . Miss Pross . . . held her round the waist, and clung to her with more than the hold of a drowning woman,† (Dickens 357). This situation clearly reminds the reader of the desperate circumstances in which the peasants found themselves. Just as Miss Pross’ hold on Madame Defarge was a matter of life or death, so the actions of revolutionaries were determining their end; a better future for all peasants, or a continuation of oppression from the ancien regime. In the above quote Dickens also speaks about the hold of a drowning person. A rescuer must always be careful when swimming up to such a person, because in panic, the victim may grab hold of him/her so tightly that both perish. In the same way, the revolutionaries harmed others while trying to save themselves. In the senseless slaughter of those guilty and innocent alike, the revolutionaries drowned themselves along with their victims in a pool of immorality and revenge. For, even though they bettered their physical condition and brightened the future for their children, their conscience was passed over and ignored. Like a drowning man who before the actual act of death becomes unconscious, so the consciences of the revolutionaries were pushed away until they were silenced, no longer able to warn against the upcoming spiritual death. Death is the final outcome. If a person has drowned, death has come to claim this person and there is no longer any chance of being rescued. In A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens speaks of the gaoler of Charles Darnay, his description being, â€Å". . . this gaoler was so unwholesomely bloated, both in face and person, as to look like a man who had been drowned and filled with water,† (Dickens 249). This man seems to point to all the revolutionaries, not in the physical description, but in a spiritual sense. The consciences of the revolutionaries have been drowned, silenced forever, and the people themselves have been filled with thoughts only of bloodthirsty revenge. The picture of a drowned man is not a pleasant one. The death is most often an agonizingly conscious one, causing the expression to be one twisted in agony, the horrified expression of one without hope of survival. The lack of oxygen causes the skin to turn a sickly blue, and the water soaks into the pores and causes the persons face to be swollen and bloated. Ultimately, the person’s appearance is so altered that it is usually difficult, if not impossible to identify the person from the way they looked before. Similarly, the revolutionaries were not a pretty picture in the way that they cared nothing for their fellow man and executed any who seemed to oppose them callously, without proof or proper trial. Proof of this callousness can be found in the example of the little seamstress towards the end of the novel, a representation of thousands of innocent victims sent to the guillotine. We read of how the women knitting below the scaffold counted the severed heads calmly, not in the least disturbed at the horrific amount of bloodshed occurring right before their eyes. The wood-sawyer is another prime example of the uncaring attitude of the peasants when he talks flippantly to Lucie of the guillotine; â€Å". . . Loo, loo, loo! And off her head comes! Now a child. Tickle, tickle; Pickle, pickle! And off its head comes. All the family! † (Dickens, 341). We are horrified as we read of the Jacques gleefully talking about the way they enjoy seeing a woman with blonde hair and blue eyes being guillotined, and we are even more appalled when they speak with eager anticipation at the thought of seeing Lucie’s pretty child put to death. Throughout all these examples we can see that Dickens has brought the motif of drowning to a close and the final outcome, death of the revolutionary’s morality, has been achieved. At the end of the novel, A Tale of Two Cites, the motif of drowning has come full circle. We read of how the peasant’s desperate situation causes their vision to be that of drowning people as they realize that death is imminent. Dickens moves on to portray the panic that causes morality to be ignored in the frantic attempt to preserve one’s own life. Dickens shows that drowning people will do anything to save themselves, even drown their rescuer if they feel it will improve their own condition. In the same way the revolutionaries brutally disposed of any that seemingly hindered their desperate attempt to break their chains of oppression. The plot lines of the characters also vividly portray the way in which the consciences of certain characters are silenced, and the way in which no other thought than revenge is allowed into the minds of the revolutionaries. And then finally, death, the end of all morality. The guiding principles of mankind were destroyed as the revolutionaries thirst for bloodshed did not abate, but instead grew more intense, as each day they longed for more heads to be added to the ever growing number. The motif of drowning is used very powerfully by Charles Dickens, and is employed in a way that effectively portrays the desperate position of the revolutionaries. The way in which Dickens uses this motif clearly parallels the changing attitudes of the revolutionaries, giving us a better understanding of them. How to cite Tale of Two Cites: Drowning Motif, Essay examples

Romanticism Emerged With The Rise Of English Literature Essay free essay sample

Introduction Romanticism emerged with the rise of a disenchanted, in-between category creative person hostile to both traditional authorization and civilization on the one manus ( monarchy, nobility, church ) and to the turning philistinism, complacence, domestic soaking up, and aesthetic indifference of a turning in-between category civilization. In many ways, Romantic creative persons were alienated from all dominant societal groups ( tribunal, church, bourgeois civilization ) while hankering in contradictory ways for elements from each. Therefore they yearned for audiences possessing the aesthetic edification of traditional elites an nobility of esthesia while by and large rejecting the societal hierarchies, absolutist political relations, and history picture which went with elect backing in favour of a more common humanity. They yearned for a deep, communal spiritualty nostalgically projected into the spiritual yesteryear while rejecting institutionalised faith in favour of radically private, single vision and feeling. They yearned for an artistic magnificence, deepness, earnestness, and communal deepness which they projected into the past while interrupting aggressively with all traditions and traditional vocabularies ( particularly history picture ) and take a firm standing that art be true to modern experience, esthesias, and societal conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Romanticism Emerged With The Rise Of English Literature Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In some ways, Romanticism can be summed up as the prostration of a religion in larger conventions, traditions, vocabularies, and communal orders. The rupture with all impressions of historical continuity, tradition, and shared conventions left creative persons adrift and fragmented in new ways, seizing at their progressively private and disconnected personal visions. To a big extent, Romanticism lost religion in the cultural and historical gum which had made secure, communal individuality possible and which had allowed creative persons to talk in a shared linguistic communication with larger audiences. Most problematically, the Romantic forsaking of convention itself and its replacing with a heroic, independent, stainless, personal vision made it harder for modern art to intend anything and to make any important audience. It was Romanticism which foremost insisted that artistic mastermind was needfully at odds with a larger universe and in struggle with it and that great art was the provocative and independent chase of a higher, private truth beyond ordinary human experience, morality, and comprehension. Ironically, the Romantic nobility of artistic esthesia made Romanticism and much subsequently, modern art tremendously appealing to blue bloods and second-generation millionaires eager to expose their contempt for the common herd by puting in hard art. Acerate leaf to state, Romantic creative persons were the first to collide often with the general populace and with the defenders of its traditional criterions, esthesias, and morality ( whether courtly, spiritual, or businessperson ) . They were the first to confront what would emerge as a turning job: public incomprehension, indifference, or even ill will toward the latest art. By recasting the modern creative person as a heroic foreigner and lone wolf, Romanticism imposed new psychic loads on creative persons fighting to happen big success without compromising to conventional esthesias. For the first clip in Western history, some ( though non all ) of the best creative persons had trouble happening professional success and public acknowledgment. It was even possible for great Romantic creative persons like Friedrich to be about wholly neglected and forgotten after a short period of comparative success or for a really successful creative person like Turner to travel into a extremely personal late manner and perplex even his supporters. If Romantic artistic civilization reveled in alienation, depression and self-destruction, the age of Romanticism was the first in European history where poets and creative persons either committed self-destruction in important Numberss or lived so recklessly and self-destructively that they many died prematurely. The Political, Economic, and Social Background for Romanticism Among the of import stuff alterations in the ulterior 18th century were the overthrowing of monarchies in the American and Gallic Revolutions, the sense that tribunal civilization had either collapsed or lost its claim to hegemony, extremist agricultural transmutation, rural out-migration, and rapid urbanisation, the rise of a capitalist economic system and its acceleration with the Industrial Revolution ( as comparatively independent provincials and craftsmans became an uprooted, fringy labor ) , and the growing of an progressively powerful urban in-between category in major metropoliss. All such rapid alteration and the eroding of stable communities fractured traditional individualities and spurred the dying hunt for new values and vocabularies in which meaningful individuality could be grounded. In many ways, the Gallic Revolution was the apogee of the Enlightenment motion with its boundless religion in ground, societal and political technology, and the ability of human brings to convey approximately historical advancement and ever-higher degrees of civilisation. Not surprisingly, the prostration of the Gallic Revolution into the overzealous and barbarous old ages of the Terror, the treachery of republicanism under the imperial wars of Napoleon, and the Restoration of a monarchy after Napoleon s licking, triggered a generational loss of religion in ground, Enlightenment values, and Revolutionary political relations. ( This is clear plenty in Goya s response to the civil war in Spain. ) One side of this disenchantment was the Romantic retreat from political battle into a intentionally private, notional, at times, eccentric universe of the imaginativeness. This inward bend ballad at the bosom of Romantic phantasy, crudeness, Orientalism, captivation with force, and gustatory sensation for barbarian natures and foreign civilizations. Enlightenment Reason and Romantic Feeling The dual catastrophe of the Gallic Revolution and Napoleon besides made it clear that unreason and savageness were strong constituents of human nature, possibly even more powerful than ground. If the Enlightenment conceived the existence and human nature as a elephantine, orderly clock, a Godhead mechanism which could be rationally analyzed, comprehended, and managed, the catastrophe of the greatest Enlightenment experiment in societal technology the Gallic Revolution inspired a generational reaction among Romantic creative persons and authors against Enlightenment ground and useful thought. Therefore the German Romantic poet, Friedrich Schlegel argued that world had to set aside the construct of an ageless, unchanging, changeless being and put in its topographic point the opposing construct of that which is everlastingly living and going . The Gallic painter, Delacroix even compared picture to new signifiers of German Romantic music: both were higher than thought ; and both are superior to literature in their vagueness . Prior to the Romantics, most authors argued that the subjects of great literature ennobled picture and allowed it to lift to the exalted degree of history picture . And when music was hailed as a theoretical account for picture, it was a tightly structured Renaissance or Baroque, tribunal music said to represent a higher, telling ground. Delacroix seized on a new Romantic music ( late Beethoven, Chopin, etc. ) which emphasized look and feeling as the theoretical account for a new, intentionally obscure picture. If history picture offered expansive statements, Romantic art aimed at a more formless, vague universe of suggestion, dream, and revery. The unconscious head was hailed as superior. So excessively, Romantics praised the suggested instead than the defined, the fragmentary instead than the whole, the vague instead than the clear as the truest contemplations and representations of being. Romanticism as a Critical Mode within Enlightenment Europe The widespread Romantic rejection of Enlightenment reason took on a peculiar border because it coincided historically with the rapid spread of Enlightenment values through many sectors of European society, particularly rational countries such as scientific discipline and engineering and overlapping administrative countries such as authorities, urban planning, architecture, instruction, concern and the reorganisation of labour within early industrial capitalist economy. Even high faith became more rational in the 19th century. Given the societal, economic and political alterations which coincided with the rise of Romanticism in poesy, music, art, and doctrine, it makes no sense historically to see Romanticism in the traditional but simplistic footings of art as a mirror of its age . A richer and more historical apprehension of Romanticism emerges one time we conceive of it as a complex and contradictory response to on-going alterations in a assortment of domains with a series of c ontinual exchanges between different domains and groups. Understood in these footings, one can retrieve a more interesting and dynamic apprehension of Romanticism and the manner it bit by bit unfolded, reacting to other events merely as it was, in bend, transformed by them. This besides makes it easier to see how elements of Romanticism were taken up within all countries of civilization and society including the very bastions of Enlightenment utilitarianism which Romantic poesy and picture attacked: industrial capitalist economy. Wordsworth may hold spent a life-time observing an intensely religious Communion with an stainless nature far from polluted, industrialised metropoliss but the really stray bungalow where he lived and the leisure he enjoyed to compose such traveling poesy was paid for by a wealthy, urban industrialist who liberally subsidized Wordsworth as a mastermind . Once we move beyond the reductive thought that art is a mirror of society , we can see how Romanticism with its profound disaffection from Enlightenment value s grew, paradoxically, out of the really spread of those values within a larger procedure of economic, political, and societal restructuring. To do affairs still more complex and interesting, one can reason that the Romantic cult of nature itself, was, at least in some ways, an extension of an earlier, Enlightenment political orientation of nature even if the Romantics drastically redefined what they meant by nature . One manner to see the Romantic roots in Enlightenment thought is to see the Enlightenment itself as a transitional period which accidentally paved the manner for really different Romantic attitudes to emerge subsequently. Here one might observe how the Enlightenment bit by bit finished off traditional tribunal civilization and replaced it with a new political orientation of nature and human ground which was less hierarchal ( without making off with all signifiers of hierarchy ) . It was, in portion, the blue, internal failure of the Gallic Revolution which prompted the later Romantic disaffection against all signifiers of ground and to re-explain ground itself as a now unnatural autocrat falsely imposed by societal convention and corrupt tradition ( civilisation ) onto nature and human nature. The Romantics replaced the Enlightenment religion in a rational nature nature as natural ground with a new antithesis between nature and ground. And they mounted their ain cultural revolution aimed at subverting ground s dictatorship wherever it appeared ( except, for the most portion, in gender dealingss ) . For all of the crisp differences between Enlightenment and Romantic believing about nature, political relations, society, ground, and human nature, the extremist Romantic mystique of nature could neer hold developed unless the Enlightenment had foremost opened the door to a new sense of nature as supreme authorization and a foil to a corrupt ( courtly ) c ivilisation. The elusive ties between Enlightenment nature and Romantic nature are peculiarly clear in the altering response of the major Enlightenment mind, Rousseau. No mind did more to specify and popularise a true, crude, good nature and human nature opposed to a corrupt, modern civilisation . In the eighteenth-century, Rousseau s thoughts served the Enlightenment review of a corrupt nobility ( and were therefore really popular among progressive blue bloods ) . In the Romantic period, Rousseau s popularity grew even more though his mystique of nature was reinterpreted in unquestionably Romantic footings to call on the carpet all signifiers of oppressive ground. Romanticism and the Ongoing Breakdown of Traditional History Painting In the domain of artistic pattern, these larger societal and cultural alterations contributed to the sense of a serious if non complete dislocation in traditional history picture with its blue vocabularies of signifier ( heroic, expansive, ideal ) and capable affair ( spiritual, fabulous, historical ) . Even those who managed to resuscitate new signifiers of history picture for a clip such as David were illustrations of a new claim to single vision which was deeply at odds with any impression of history picture. For history picture was ever a comprehensive system of manner and subject, a set of regulations and conventions within a larger artistic system ranking the assorted genres of art ( such as portrayal, genre, landscape, and still-life ) . Constantly, the first creative person to claim such artistic freedom David was still tied to a whole series of traditional impressions about art embodied in his conservative effort to reinvent and deliverance history painting for his ain clip. But the really following coevals of creative persons the Romantics were free to travel much further and abandon the larger undertaking of traditional history picture in favour of an art whose high value was implicitly tied to original personal vision and feeling . Systems, regulations, conventions, rational orders, and traditional history painting all crumbled before the Romantic cult of the single mastermind , the creative person who intentionally strove to interrupt regulations, to work outside of convention , to contrive whole new vocabularies, to redefine art every coevals, to floor and arouse, even to antagonise the audience. Without noticing on the new cult of single mastermind, the painter and art professor, Heinrich Fuseli described the practical impossibleness of bring forthing history picture in a modern universe every bit early as 1830. The efficient cause why higher art [ history painting ] at present is sunk to such a province of inaction and dreaminess that it may be doubted whether it will be much longer, is non a peculiar one, which private backing, or the will of an person, nevertheless great, can take ; but a general cause, founded on the set, the manners, wonts, manners of a state and non of one state entirely, but of all who at present make-believe to civilization. Our age, when compared with former ages, has but small juncture for great plants and that is the ground why so few are produced: the aspiration, activity, and spirit of public life is shrunk to the minute item of domestic agreements every thing that surrounds us tends to demo us in private, is become snug, less, narrow, reasonably, undistinguished. We are non, possibly, the less happy on history of all this ; but from such selfish dalliance to anticipate a system of Art built on magnificence, without a entire revolution, would merely be less a ssumptive than insane. Here in a nutshell was the job if all nineteenth-century art, a job whose larger, societal beginnings systematically frustrated single creative persons attempts to get the better of it. The Romantic creative persons hunt for modern options to history painting capable of some approximately tantamount earnestness and larger, communal entreaty were besides disrupted by internal contradictions, particularly the tenseness between the hunt for the universal and the insisting that artistic truth was deeply single, was beyond convention, academic direction, techniques, and methods. With altering societal conditions and the decease of traditional history picture, the quandary for Romantics ( and all modern creative persons ) was how to make an art of modern life which could stand strongly in the centre of a civilization and draw together its assorted societal groups into a higher set of values. Ironically, the Romantic insisting on anchoring artistic truth in extremely personal manners made all efforts to hammer common civilizations debatable at best and doomed from the start at worst. THE PROBLEM OF DEFINING ROMANTICISM Romanticism is non a manner but instead a loose aggregation of contradictory attitudes towards the universe and towards art. In general, Romanticism struggled within two opposing yet related poles. One side of the Romantic mind sought to face the modern universe straight and more wholly by utilizing replete and feeling. This was the Romanticism of political picture, landscape, and animate being picture the Romanticism which turned away from traditional topics toward concrete, nonsubjective worlds which could be known straight. The other side of the Romantic mind left empirical experience as excessively mundane and soared off into the highs of poetic illusion and airy imaginativeness. This was the Romanticism of Orientalist picture, or abstract, twirling brushwork and composing, and wild, distant topics in clip and infinite. What linked them both was a committedness to subjective feeling -an emotion which deepened the empirical response to the universe beyond the analytical distance of Enlightenment ground and which fueled the wildest flights of the poetic imaginativeness. Empirical and fanciful Romanticism besides shared a new subjectiveness of reliable single experience for empiricists like Constable and of personal feeling for more fanciful painters like Turner and Delacroix. These poles would tag the extremes for European modern civilization for the following two centuries. The wining motion of Realism, for illustration, rejected Romantic imaginativeness and the projection of what it saw as an inordinate feeling onto the universe. Yet Realism continued the Romantic committedness to doing profoundly felt art out of modern experience, confronted with a new straightness. The Impressionists continued the Realist committedness to doing art out of modern life while the Postimpressionists, Symbolists, Fauvists, Expressionists, Constructivists, Surrealists, and Abstract Expressionists wholly reacted against modern empirical thought in favour of the airy imaginativeness and crude inherent aptitudes foremost extolled by Romantics like Delacroix and Turner. The Self as Truth For the Romantics, genuineness and significance came from the single individual s emotional/imaginative response to the universe instead than from canonical orders of capable affair and organize bing outside the ego. In straight pass oning these personal feelings to the single spectator, from one bosom to another as Beethoven put it, Romantic art frequently developed a self-generated, unsmooth, unelaborated, fanciful, personal, coloristic, expressive manner. Romanticism took the sincere ego of Rousseau and the ulterior 18th century and opposed it much more aggressively, even tragically, to society and societal convention. The late Enlightenment true ego became more radically individualized, more lone, more true to itself and more wrapped up in its ain higher truth. While earlier authors traveling back to the Renaissance defined mastermind as a great endowment capable of flexing the regulations, the Romantic mastermind purportedly operated outside all regulations in following his or her ain god-like, personal vision or inspiration. In this sense, the new Romantic thought of mastermind was a heightened, aesthetic look of the new Romantic thought of the true ego, communing in purdah with a true, good, lone nature. Though we take it for granted today that art is a affair of personal look, no one of all time thought this before the Romantics. For all its self-aware cultivation of originality and personal manners, Renaissance, Baroque, and eighteenth-century art ever worked within a unquestionably impersonal system of conventions and shared vocabularies. It worked to pass on in public ways non to show feelings from one private ego to another. The new thought of art as look signaled the prostration of art as a shared cultural system and the rise of a new political orientation of the alienated, independent, disconnected, airy, expressive ego. If you can understand the distinctive feature, freshness, and debatable nature of art as look, you understand much of Romanticism. Romantic Nature as Lone Self and Higher Vision The new lone ego of Romanticism was precariously anchored in a strange, new sort of Romantic nature whose deepest truths were most comprehendible to the new lone, anomic, anti-social ego, the visionary, poetic ego, the Romantic mastermind . The Romantic ego and the Romantic thought of nature are peculiarly clear the instance of Wordsworth ( or Friedrich ) . Though an urban poet composing for educated urban readers, Wordsworth lived in a little bungalow in the English countryside non because he wanted to take part in rural life but because he wanted the new freedom and genuineness of the Romantic ego. Sequestered in the purdah of his bungalow and freed from everyday professional and economic restraints by the private stipend of an industrialist deeply impressed with his mastermind, Wordsworth lived out the Romantic dream of a lone, true ego life in an uninhabited nature where he could uncover, through his ain private airy work, the deeper truths of nature . Ironically, Wordsworth s countrified scenes were merely every bit inhabited as any other portion of the English countryside. But they remained uninhabited for him because he avoided the local community, closing himself up in an fanciful, lone nature of the Romantic ego. His poesy was every bit cut off from any local life. As ever in landscape art and poesy, Wordworth s nature was an sphere for discoursing modern-day urban jobs, anxiousnesss, and values and was aimed at a urban audience. The Collapse of Reason and the Higher Truth of the Imagination Rejecting a rational, Enlightenment attack to world and the businessperson contentedness with domestic amenitiess, everyday things and material impressions of wellbeing, the Romantic sees world as obscure, dense, cryptic, subjectively experient, fragmental, of all time altering, impossible to specify or rationally grok. The unsmooth, unfinished study and fragmental position best amount up this world. The really egg-shaped nature of the universe along with the rejection of businessperson philistinism impel the Romantic creative person to a higher, more religious ( and sometimes escapist ) universe of imaginativeness, dreams, and art as a new faith. The foreign, the alien, the barbarian, the monstrous, the instinctual and the carnal all take on new entreaty in Romanticism. Distance from the thing painted is indispensable to its realisation as a higher, fanciful truth. As Delacroix wrote in his Journal, the best manner to depict a pleasant spot of state is to populate in a boring metropolis and to see the sky merely from an Attic window I did nt get down to make anything passable in my trip to Africa until the minute when I had sufficiently forgotten little inside informations, and so remembered the contact and poetic side of things for my images ; up to that point, I was pursued by the love of exactness, which the bulk of people mistake for truth. The Truth of Feeling and Direct Experience If Romanticism emerged out of a fall ining Enlightenment civilization in the early 19th century, its disaffection from Enlightenment values undermined any religion in exalted abstractions and ideals. World and truth were relocated sharply in specifics, direct experience, natural crude nature, and personal feelings. For the first clip, the peculiar and the radically isolated ego became the new gage of the universal. Common, even ugly topics ( natural landscape, provincials, animate beings ) were now appropriate for the highest art and replaced spiritual figures and fabulous heroes. While this bend toward a direct, splanchnic, physical-emotional connection to the environing universe was, at times, opposed to the Romantic flight into the fanciful and antic, it was deeply connected to all such fanciful retreat in its extremist subjectiveness and empiricist philosophy, its impression of truth as the direct experience of the ego. It is the first class within Romanticism defined above which allows one to see how the 2nd and 3rd classs are linked. This does non intend that the Romantic universes of fanciful feeling and of concrete experience can be collapsed into a individual, consistent outlook. On the contrary, my 2nd and 3rd classs make more sense as opposing sides of one coin, joined in certain of import ways but perpetually in struggle with each other. This struggle or tenseness between imagination/vision and concrete, single experience is particularly clear in the work of Gericault, Delacroix, Turner, and Friedrich.